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Northwestern Counseling Staff. (2015, June 01). Five Counseling Theories and Approaches. Retrieved January 04, 2017, from https://counseling.northwestern.edu/five-counseling-theories-and-approaches/

Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W.  (2014).  Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th Edition).  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson

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The fourth force came about at the beginning of the 21 century. This force is the scientific study of how culture plays a role in the human mental process and behavior. Individual identity such as genre, culture, age, race and sexual orientation are all contributing factors in this force. As Seligman and Reichenberg stated (2014), "Becoming culturally competent, being an ally with clients, and being open to their multiple perspectives of themselves and their world are essential to today's clinicians."

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Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy emphasizes the importance of  emotions and sensations, and idea of people taking charge of their life, finding meaning in their own life and overall potential personal growth (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2).  During Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy, therapists care most about the present and helping their clients reach their highest potential.
(Northwestern Counseling staff, 2015).

In the 1960's Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy that focuses on the thought that individuals control their own destinies.

Other individuals such as Fritz Perls (Gestalt therapy) and Viktor Frankl (Existential analysis) helped contribute to this force.

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Second Force:  Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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Second Force:  Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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Cognitive and behavioral therapy are usually combined together as one. Cognitive behavioral therapy emphasize the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions. It is typically used to help with mental illnesses such anxiety, personality, eating, and substance abuse disorders (Northwestern Counseling staff, 2015).

"Behavioral theory is based on the belief that behavior is learned" (Northwestern Counseling staff, 2015).  A theorist by the name of Ivan Pavlov believed that classic condition is one of behavioral therapy .  Pavlov produced a world- famous study using dogs. "The study focused on the effects of a learned response (e.g., a dog salivating when hearing a bell) through a stimulus (e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with food)" (Northwestern Counseling staff, 2015). Another theorist by the name of B. F. Skinner developed a different behavioral therapy approach, called operant conditioning. Skinner believed that in giving rewards to increase a specific behavior. He believe in punishments to decrease the repetition of a specific behavior.

Cognitive theory is based on how people’s thinking can change feelings and behaviors. Aaron Beck developed this theory in the 1960's. Cognitive therapy focuses more on their client’s present situation and misleading thinking than on their past.

Other individuals involved in this force were, Albert Ellis, William Glasser and Donald Meichenbaum (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 2).

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Sigmund Freud was the person responsible for Psychotherapy. He believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior. He developed theories such as free association (freely talking to the therapist about whatever comes up without censoring), dream analysis (examining dreams for important information about the unconscious), and transference (redirecting feelings about certain people in one’s life onto the therapist). Even after many years, Freuds theories are still used today (Northwestern Counseling staff, 2015)
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