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to recall or form mental images or pictures

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a reliable source is any source that has competence in the field of interest, without any biases or conflicts of interest related to the topic. Finding trustworthy sources is important in order to ensure that what is written or reported is accurate.

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A phrase is a group or words that express a concept and is used as a unit within a sentence. A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot convey a complete thought. A phrase contrasts with a clause. A clause does contain a subject and verb, and it can convey a complete idea.

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words and phrases are vital devices for writing. They improve the connections and transitions between sentences and paragraphs.

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The topic can be stated in 1-2 words. Skateboarding is a topic. To find the topic look at the title, pictures, subheadings, and repeated ideas

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Author’s tone is how the writer feels

Mood is how the reader feels.

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The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.'  Theme is a thought about our lives and represents the discovery of a truth about our own experience.  You won’t find the theme directly stated.
Theme is what the writer wants you to discover for yourself as you share the experience of the characters.Theme is not the same thing as the subject or topic. The topic/subject is stated in 1-2 words.  The theme is best expressed in a complete sentence, like a main idea.

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Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. Compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution, pro/con, listing, descriptive, main idea, clustered...

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Make claims/ideas stronger with evidence and reasoning

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main idea and important supporting details

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Style is the way writing is dressed up (or down) to fit the specific context, purpose, or audience. Word choice, sentence fluency, and the writer's voice — all contribute to the style of a piece of writing.

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There are two basic types of academic sources:

Primary Sources

the main text or work that you are discussing (a sonnet by William Shakespearet)

actual data or research results

historical documents (letters, pamphlets)

Secondary Sources

works that discuss your primary source (e.g. an article analyzing Shakespeare’s sonnets; a textbook that synthesizes research in a particular field; a newspaper editorial expressing an opinion)

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a group of lines in a poem, like a paragraph in an essay.

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Reading a text to get the gist, the basic overall idea, rather than concentrating on absorbing all the details. For instance, many people skimread a newspaper article just to get a quick overview, or a text could be skimmed to see whether it's worth reading in detail.

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Setting establishes the context of a story through time, place and social environment, creating the mood of a story or scene. It tells the reader where, when and under what circumstances the story is taking place.

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writing that uses the five senses.

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find an answer to a solution or a conclusion

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Research is a process of investigation looking at a subject from different points of view.

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relevant evidence supports the topic and supporting evidence would explain the relationship

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what connections can you make between the ideas present in multiple texts

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types of sources of information for finding what you need

1. Biography sources - Books, periodicals, encyclopedias, websites
2. Research sources - Bibliographies, books, government documents, periodical articles, statistical abstracts
3. Facts - Almanacs, atlases, books, databases, dictionaries, encyclopedias, government documents, handbooks, manuals, newspapers, websites, yearbooks
4. Popular opinions - Books, periodical articles, newspapers, websites
5. Professional commentary - Bibliographies, books, periodical articles, professional journals, websites

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Quotation means to "repeat the exact words of another with the acknowledgement of the source." Quote is "A group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker."

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the marks, such as: . ? ! ( ) ... , ; " - used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

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process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, or build community.

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Using the fewest possible words without sacrificing meaning to make your writing clear and understandable.
1. Use active voice
2. se clear nouns
3. Use words, not definitions
4. Use simple verbs.
5. replace complex words with simple ones.
6. avoid expletives: There are/is, it is... start with the subject.
7. Make it less wordy.

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Cause and effect sequence of events in a story.

1. Exposition: The Beginning where the characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is also introduced.

2. Rising Action: Introduction of the Problem or Conflict The main problem or conflict is dealt with by some kind of action. In this part of the story, the main character is in crisis. This is the place for tension and excitement.

3.Climax: The High Point It is the main event or danger that the character faces. This is the darkest moment, the worst challenge the character must oppose.

4. Falling Action: Winding Down shows the result of the actions or decisions the character has made. This eventually leads to the final part of the novel, the crisis resolution.

5. Resolution: The End The resolution, denouement,  is the conclusion of the story. Here, the conflicts are resolved, all loose ends are tied up, and the story concludes with either a happy or sad ending.

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taking someone else's work / ideas / sentences and passing them off as your own original idea.

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rewrite what you read in your own words

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order or arrangement of ideas, evidence, or details in a logical order in a paragraph, essay, or speech.

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noticing specific details

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Homonyms are words which have the same spelling and pronounciation, but have different meanings.

Homophones are words which have the same pronounication, but different spellings and meanings.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different pronounications and meanings.

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two or more paragraphs (section of related sentences dealing with a single topic)

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imagining something based on the words on a page.

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Logical progression of ideas or logical sequence of events

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Logical progression of ideas or logical sequence of events

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the most important parts of a story or article.

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defend your answer with evidence

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Introduce the topic

Indicate the structure and/or methodology of the essay,

State the thesis of the essay

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Descriptive writing. Tell a story (could be about something that happened to you) in such a way that the audience learns a lesson or gains insight

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is the act of explaining, reframing, or otherwise showing your own understanding of something. A person who translates one language into another is called an interpreter because they are explaining what a person is saying to someone who doesn't understand.

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connect with what you are reading by writing your thoughts in the margins.

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combine (one thing) with another so that they become a whole.

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figuring out something that was not directly sated. Forming a conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

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explain, describe, interpret, sum up, make clear, clarify, summarize, bring home, point up, make plain,

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a title at the head of a page or section of a book.

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Grammar has to do with the correct placement of words in a sentence. Usage involves using the proper word.

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An effective piece of writing establishes a single focus and sustains that focus throughout the piece. Just as a photographer needs to focus on a particular subject to produce a clear picture, a writer needs to focus on a single topic or main idea in order to produce an effective piece of writing.

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an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in the story. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial backstory.

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Explanatory article/ text/ essay/ writing

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Explanatory article/ text/ essay/ writing

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informational text, informs and explains. Explanatory or expository Essay, presents other people's views, or reports an event or a situation. It conveys another person's information in detail and explains what is difficult to understand.

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Taking a smaller section of a text for closer analysis.

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Data that supports the claim. What proof do you have? Statistics, observations, expert testimony, comparisons, facts, examples, or individual stories

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Read both sides of an argument, pick the side with the strongest evidence and then create a claim.

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LRA - a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject.

Info or Argument - A short piece of writing on one subject, usually presenting the author's own views

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explain something further using many details. Onion like layering of details.

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a newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinions of the editors or publishers

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free writing, mind mapping, brain storming, or listing and outlines to both develop your topic and get started

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A root word has no prefix or suffix — it's the most basic part of a word

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to change ideas or writing because of new information

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to prepare something written to be published; to make changes, correct mistakes, etc.

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a stage of the writing process during which a writer organizes information and ideas into sentences and paragraphs.

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conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie.

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To design, create, or improve an object, idea, or other item

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an explanation of the meaning of a word, phrase, etc or what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action

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able to be believed; convincing; i.e. a credible source

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counterclaim goes against the main claim

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expresses the view of a person who disagrees with your position

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spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar help to make a an essay clear and understandable

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controlling idea/thesis/ Author's conclusion / Author's POV

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controlling idea/thesis/ Author's conclusion / Author's POV

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conveys the author's opinions and feelings about a particular topic

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situation or ideas in opposition (opposite) to one another

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the information necessary to correctly interpret a word or phrase that could otherwise be interpreted in a number of different ways.

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Conflict indicates outright confrontation. Two people arguing.

Tension is  the threat of conflict.

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exact information, facts, data, and specific knowledge offered to describe, explain, or justify something. A concrete detail helps the reader visualize or comprehend the author's message.

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Conclude/conclusion/ conclusion drawn by the author

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Conclude/conclusion/ conclusion drawn by the author

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arrive at a judgment or opinion by reasoning

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find commonalities; things in common

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find similarities and differences

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What are you saying? Reasons based on evidence

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Direct Characterization: character trait directly stated in the text.

Indirect Characterization
Appearance
Actions
Speech
Thoughts and Feelings
Other Characters' Reactions

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the main idea or the big idea in a story or text.

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UPPERCASE LETTERS. Capitalize proper nouns (names of people and places) and beginning of sentences.

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a regularly updated website that is written in an informal or conversational style.

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Authors write to entertain people and make them laugh.

Authors write to persuade or convince their readers to believe in something.

Authors write to inform or teach you about something.

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Author's Point of View / view point / Conclusion 

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Author's Point of View / view point / Conclusion 

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the author’s beliefs, personal judgments or attitudes toward a certain subject.

1) choice of words;
2) descriptions;
3) character’s actions
4) what is not in the text; 5) choice of details;

Understanding the author’s point of view helps us to determine where the author is coming from and whether or not we should consider what the author has to say.

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the “big idea” or what the author is trying to tell the reader.

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the meaning or interpretation that the author had in mind when he or she was creating it.

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the readers of a text, article, or book. depending on your audience you may use a formal or casual voice.

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taking a stance for or against includes a claim, reasons, evidence, warrant, counterargument, rebuttal

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taking a stance for or against

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similar meanings or a word that you use to when you can't spell the other one

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opposite meaning

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taking a closer look and offering a detailed explanation of something

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added to root words to change meaning: prefix or suffix

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Address potential counterarguments or opposing claims

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Address potential counterarguments or opposing claims

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What could the other side say?

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acknowledge opposing viewpoints or address counterclaims

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acknowledge opposing viewpoints or address counterclaims

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pay attention to the other point of view or side

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Inaccurate means wrong

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accurate information or accuracy of information 

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accurate information or accuracy of information 

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Accurate means correct.