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Trophic cascades

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Over fishing can wreak havoc and destroy the environment and marine ecology and completely disrupt the food chain

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A Trophic Cascade is a process effecting an entire food web or ecosystem, initiated by an event or change (such as the addition or removal of an apex predator) at the top of the food web. Within the context of New Zealand, trophic cascade has been observed within the areas of marine reserves. The reserve serves as an area where predator populations may regenerate, for example, snapper numbers rise. The increased presence of a predator causes a change in the behaviour of its prey, in this case, the herbivory Kina.  Kina suffer some predation from the increased snapper population, lowering their numbers, however they also become more reclusive in fear of predation. This reduces the stress they place on kelp through grazing, allowing kelp to regenerate. This has a stabilising effect on the reef.

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A Trophic Cascade is a process effecting an entire food web or ecosystem, initiated by an event or change (such as the addition or removal of an apex predator) at the top of the food web. Within the context of New Zealand, trophic cascade has been observed within the areas of marine reserves. The reserve serves as an area where predator populations may regenerate, for example, snapper numbers rise. The increased presence of a predator causes a change in the behaviour of its prey, in this case, the herbivory Kina.  Kina suffer some predation from the increased snapper population, lowering their numbers, however they also become more reclusive in fear of predation. This reduces the stress they place on kelp through grazing, allowing kelp to regenerate. This has a stabilising effect on the reef.

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Crayfish fishing around NZ coastline causes Kina population to increase causing a trophic cascade. Due to the rising Kina population, Urchins habitats, kelp forests, are becoming bare areas

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Large snapper and crayfish can sufficiently reduce kin regrowth of the ecologically-important kelp forest known as a "trophic cascade."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3I9gDocYdk

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If Snappers number lowers, the Snappers prey will rise in numbers and they will over populate the waters. The organisms that are Snappers prey will eat so much, that the prey of the Snapper´s prey population will lower and lower till their gone. This process happens again and again in a cycle.

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Trophic ecology is the general study of structure of feeding relationships among organism in an ecosystem.
- predators can reduce population density of direct prey or hinder  the behaviour of prey.
- removing top predator from the food chain can increase population of its prey.

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Removing a top predator from the food chain can trigger a cascade effect, allowing populations of their prey to boom in uncontrolled numbers.
> Reduction of snapper and crayfish caused the kina population to increase greatly.
> Since kina eat kelp, this also harms the kelp population which leaves ast bare areas called "urchin barrens" which takes away a key nursing area for juvenile crayfish.

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-the greater auraki Gulf region estimated there are between eight to 20 times more large snapper, in reserve than in nearby areas where fishing occurs. Its is estimated the effects of the Hauraki Gulf marine reserves on snapper by comparing numbers of fish inside the outside reserves.

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A trophic cascade is triggered by addition or removal of a top predator, which leads to change in relative populations of predator & Prey along a food chain.

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Trophic ecology is the general study of the structure of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem.

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Definition: A trophic cascade is The indirect control that a top predator has over the ecosystem, which if removed results in a change of the ecosystem as a whole.
In New Zealand this is seen when snapper are fished to much it causes a cascade through the rest of the trophic levels. This in turn causes the kina population to exponentially grow which causes them to eat through kelp forests. This is also is an issue with crayfish because they need the kelp forests for the juvenile youth to grow to adults while being portected