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Navigation was near the Danube River at Dorbeta Turnu Severin and Tulcea.

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I live in Sinj, located near Splitbiggest Croatian city on Mediterranean coast...

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I live in Alicante, at the Spanish Mediterranean coast. We have a lot of historical stuff in the MARQ museum: http://www.marqalicante.com/?lng=eng

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Hi...we do not have any sea nor any large water bodies for navigation on the water. so there nothing much to say on water navigation.

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To understand the sacrifice that was made negi years, to learn to orientate to surf is an occasion of great importance. Knowing the technical developments that have been achieved with experiments and devices is very attractive.

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To understand the sacrifice that was made negi years, to learn to orientate to surf is an occasion of great importance. Knowing the technical developments that have been achieved with experiments and devices is very attractive.

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Navigation was near the Black Sea,at Tomis and Callatis.

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Very interesting course !

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Rosaria Maria Barone Linguaglossa, Italy

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Rosaria Maria Barone Linguaglossa, Italy

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What were the chances of our ancestors to move on the water has always been a question to which we tried to give an answer. Probably the first attempt to go beyond the small or narrow the opposite banks of a river occurred on the back of a trunk or of a bundle of branches that allowed to float. Only in ancient times and with the improvement of shipbuilding, and the involvement of numerous cultures and peoples who inhabited the Mediterranean basin, they will start to differentiate the ways in which unfolded navigation. In the maritime context, the ancient navigation is closely related to the type and size of the boat. It sailed both sail and oars. The oars were mainly used in military ships, it could reach a large number of rowers, as in the case of warships from the Hellenistic period. The Leontoporos had 50 series of popular banks and two oars moved eight people for a total of 1,600 rowers. The sail propulsion was used primarily on commercial vessels.

The ancient navigation was essentially an empirical navigation. It is the nautical sense of sailors and their ability to perceive messages from the environment that surrounds them to allow to orientate it with ease. The astronomical and environmental references and the dictates of experience replacing navigation aids. Although they did not know the compass and are not available to modern nautical technologies Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans sailed day and night facing offshore sailing even outside the Mediterranean.

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In our country from the ancient history the most important space for navigations was Black Sea, an open gate to other countries

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I LIVE IN NAPLES. MY CITY IS LOCATED NEAR THE SEA. ITS ANCIENT ORIGINS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT ARE RELATED TO NAVIGATION.
IN THE FAMOUS "MUSEUM OF THE SEE" OF NAPLES THERE ARE MANY NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND BOATS PAST ERAS.
FOR MORE INFORMATION. YOU CAN WATCH THE VIDEO:
MUSEO DEL MARE DI NAPOLI ( ITALY)
https://youtu.be/Wrkf-oRehRo

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I'm from Campania region, a land founded by Greek and called ''Felix'' because of the fertility of the soil. In many places, such as Pompei and Herculaneum, you can still see the greek and roman inheritance in the road plan and the eating habits.

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Romania denies having open at Black Sea navigation was brainstorm since ancien times. It says that there were medieval skip. But from 1878 really star navigation.

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Nikolai Spathari (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e miˈlesku spǎtaru], used the astrolabe to establish coordinates of some settlements. His materials were later used by the Jesuits, who took considerable interest in China. Upon returning to Moscow, he submitted to the Foreign Ministry three volumes of notes: Travel notes and Description of China, alongside the Travels.

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the story that has most fascinated me was that of the Dutch West and East India and how in 1500 imposed the line and load share navigation concept.

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the story that has most fascinated me was that of the Dutch West and East India and how in 1500 imposed the line and load share navigation concept.

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Portugal has been a country of Sea and Ocean navigators since the Middle Age. The Expansion of the XIV and XV Century was led by the Portuguese (with exception of the Western Indias done by the Spanish) and included the following facts of historical significance:
1418: Tristão Vaz Teixeira, Bartolomeu Perestrelo and João Gonçalves Zarco discover the Island of Porto Santo.
1419: The same Portuguese expedition arrives at Madeira Island.
1432: Gonçalo Velho Cabral discovers the Azores Archipelago. First the Island of Santa Maria and all the others were visited by 1457.
1434: Gil Eanes overtakes Cape Bojador.
1443: Nuno Tristão arrives at the Island of Arguim.
1445: Nuno Tristão reaches Senegambia and Dinis Dias surpasses the mouth of Senegal.
1482: Diogo Cão discovers Zaire.
1488: Bartolomeu Dias reaches the South African Cape, facing in this place a dangerous storm and, for that reason, calls it Cape of Storms. With this great event opens the possibility of reaching the Indies. That is why the king of Portugal, D. João, decided to change the name of the cable to a more optimistic one: Cape of Good Hope.
1498: Vasco da Gama, commanding a fleet of four ships (S. Gabriel, S. Rafael, Bérrio and a boat of provisions) reaches the city of Calicute, in the Indies, the great objective with which, a century ago, Portugal dreamed.
1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral discovers Brasil.

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Navigation has always been central to Italian culture, due to its position in the Mediterranean and a shoreline of more than 7000 Km. It may look bizarre, therefore, that the region where I live, called Salento, down in the heel of the italian "boot", doesn't have any remarkable navigation tradition! There are just two historical towns on the coast, but all the other settlements were inland. Why?
In ancient times, the sea was mostly the place where invaders came from, like the Ottoman army that carried the siege of Otranto in 1480.
In Salento we don't have many ports, even now, but we have a beautiful frame of coastal towers that were used for signaling the arrival of strangers from the sea!

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María Pita, is an undisputed protagonist of the history of Galicia, a demanding and determined woman whose name and figure is present in many corners of the city of A Coruña. Its great contribution to history, for which it would be remembered forever, took place in the year 1589. It was then that Sir Francis Drake, corsair of the British navy, besieged A Coruña as punishment for his support to the Invincible Navy, sent a Year before by the Spanish King against England.

After long days of fierce fighting and intense fire, the population takes refuge and offers resistance behind the walls of the Old City, but the enemy finally manages to open a large access gap in the wall.It is then when Maria Pita demolishes and kills the English ensigner taking his flag. It is said that this fact was carried out to the cry of "whoever has honor, follow me"

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The map "Gallaecia Regnum" (Kingdom of Gallicia) was published around 1611 by Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) following the work of Gerhard Mercator (1512-94).

The Atlantic is labeled Oceanus Occidentalis (Western Ocean).

Two of the most significant buildings shown are the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and the Tower of Hercules at La Coruña—the only fully preserved Roman lighthouse still in use for maritime signaling and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

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Kingdom of Galicia - Viewer - World Digital Library

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The first printed map of Galicia with dedicated cartographic plotting was the "Descripción del Reyno de Galizia" (Description of the Kingdom of Galicia) by Hernando Ojea (circa 1560‒1615). That map appeared in the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theater of the world) of Abraham Ortelius (1527‒98), in the edition by Antwerp publisher Jan Baptista Vrients of 1603.

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I live in Calabria. Navigation through the many ancient peoples lived in southern Italy.

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Italy is a peninsula extending into the Mediterranean Sea; navigation is part of its history. Few people know the importance of navigation through the Navigli, the waterways of Milan, which allowed Milan to trade and to reach the sea.

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The National Museum of Science and Technology 'Leonardo da Vinci' in Milan is Italy's largest science and technology museum. It has 10,000 items on display, and runs educational activities in 15 interactive laboratories, presenting the evolution of science and technology by exploring the relationship between people and machines, taking Leonardo da Vinci as a starting point.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7COCkxpEvzs

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https://youtu.be/gu-yC-g4fcU

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"Pesar o sol (Weigh the Sun)" was the name given by the Portuguese sailors to the determination of the noon altitude of the sun. They altered the design of the nautical astrolabe used to measure the height of the night stars, adapting it, to more easily measure the height of the Sun (which became important when they began to sail below the equator, since they couldn't see polaris) - the sight holes were narrower, and instead of peering through them, the pilots suspended the astrolabe at waist level and rolled the alidade until the sun's light passed through the two holes and was projected onto the ground or other surface. This process had the name "Pesar o sol (Weigh the Sun)" (probably by the similarity of this position with the one to use a scale). This astrolabe was very robust and weighed several kilos, so that its verticality was maintained during the observations, regardless of the balance of the ship, and had openings on its surface, so that it was affected as little as possible by the wind.

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The instrument was preserved in the Uffizi Gallery, and Galileo himself used it for astronomical calculations. For this reason it is known as "Galileo's astrolabe."http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Astrolabe_n14.html

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We could using it when we are in nature without compass and our phone is without battery :)

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Italy is a land of explorers and sailors.
During Middle Ages were really famous the so called "Sea Republics", four cities whose fleet speard all the Mediterranean sea. They built many colonies granting them the control of  trades.
One of the first was Amalfi (near Naples). Then we remember Pisa and Genua. The most important was Venice, which directed also a crusade who make byzantine empire collapsed. Venice was a really strong State till XVI century, but it was conquered only at the end of XVIII century.

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since ancient times, man has followed the stars in the sky to move to the ground and left accounts of these movements, even the most dramatic
Pliny the Younger letter

http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/it/fonti-storiche-eruzione-vesuvio-pompei.html

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Italy is the result of ancient navigations. Infact Italian culture has been affected by several people come from the sea. In the Middle Age were born maritime Republics. They developed and remained indipendent from their rulers thanks to trades. The most important maritime city were Amalfi, where Flavio Gioia perfected the compass, Pisa, Genova and Venice. In these cities, especially in the southern ones like Bari, lived together a lot of different people interested in trade. I'm attaching a picture of the statue of Flavio Gioia in Amalfi.

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Lighthouses are important in Germany and have been even more in former time. It's pretty fascinating how seaman navigated without gps.

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Maria - Sicily

Lighthouses have always been reference points for navigators, they are also called landmarks on maps. At ancient times fires along the coasts or on the top of mountains or promontories, were used for sailors to get oriented in coastal navigation.

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The vikings had to use navigation to get around on the oceans. All ships had a weathercock to show were the wind campe from. They used a sunstone to navigate by the sun, and they used a suncompasse.

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Ιt has great interest to know the level of knowledge of our ancestors. It is remarkable. Another tool that strikes me is: the portable annular sundial of Parmenion. It could be used for finding the latitude of a place, azimuth and height-star.

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Jeane de Fatima, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil 

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Jeane de Fatima, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil 

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I used blue TNT, so the young could represent a constellation! They would draw the main stars with the approximate location.

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Development of astronomical navigation with new navigational instruments and techniques, and the progress of Cartography allowed the Portuguese to venture "through seas never before navigated."

For astronomical navigation the Portuguese, like other Europeans, used Arabic navigation instruments, such as the astrolabe and the quadrant , which lightened and simplified.
Nonius is a device, named in honour to its Portuguese author and inventor Pedro Nunes created in 1542 as a system for taking fine measurements on the astrolabe. Later on, it was adapted in 1631 by the French mathematician Pierre Vernier, to create the vernier scale.

Portugal´s History dates to the Early Middle Ages (15th and 16th centuries).  Portugal  were a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire, including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

In the year of 1434, Gil Eanes doubles Cape Bojador and is promoted the discovery of the African coast,

One of the great achievements of all these voyages was crossing for the first time the Cape of Storms (1487, by Bartolomeu Dias) to the command of an expedition of three caravels. Later this Cape is called Cape of Good Hope, because it allowed the maritime connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Finally in May of 1948, Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut, thus establishing the maritime route to India with the route of the spice trade.

In 1494 the Tordesillas treaty cut the world in two areas, one in the hand of Portuguese and the other in the hand of Spanish. In fact, the treaty was based on an immaginary meridian in the Atlantic Ocean

The Great Age of Exploration 1400-1550
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUrU7C2p0eA

Story Map: Vasco Da Gama's First Voyage to India
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfGjDyVRoEs

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Trade between Ireland and Spain goes back through the centuries. All sailors had to do was go due South from Baltimore (in West Cork) until the saw A Coruna in North Spain. This kept them off the Atlantic Shelf away from the worst of the Biscay storms.

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Mariners centuries ago did not have the luxury of knowing the time as we do know for calculating positions accurately. A chronometer was extremely expensive. Our cheap digital watches now can perform the same function.

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During the period of the città marinare in Italy, Chioggia was a strategic place always ready to protect Venice. Our way of living was influenced by different cultures which arrived in ships through the sea.

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La guerra di Chioggia rappresentò l'ultimo scontro di rilievo tra Genovesi e Veneziani, dal quale Venezia si riprese presto grazie alla sua solida organizzazione interna, mentre la rivale Genova, in quel periodo anche tormentata da lotte intestine per il potere, entrò in un periodo di decadenza che la portò a non rappresentare mai più una minaccia per Venezia e i suoi interessi commerciali verso l'Oriente.

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Portuguese 'Astrolábio' called Aveiro (Portugueses city where it was found).

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Portuguese 'Astrolábio' called Aveiro (Portugueses city where it was found).

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http://www.cadrans-solaires.fr/images/volubilis_philippe-500.jpg

http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_islam_and_sea.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi

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Daniela Lazzaroni,  Italy
I live in Sicily, that thanks to its strategic geographical position represented the major Mediterranean crossroad where different peoples and cultures came together over time.

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I like Marco Polo and his stories very much, because they represent the longing of the human being for discovering the unknown and breaking boundaries, without having fear of the diversity of the world.

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Between the Neolithic and the Iron Age the Ligurians were good seamen and arrived to the Libian Sea. Later they used their vessels for acts of piracy, stealing and destroying marchandise on expeditions as far as the Pillars of Heracles.
The development of Etrurian and Greek navigation and, later, of Roman navigation stopped them so they retired in the mountains. We only have got few historical documents written by Diodoro Siculo and Tito Livio.
Many years later, in 1492, a young Cristopher Colombus (from Genoa, Liguria) left from Spain for India... but got to America,  whose name comes from Amerigo Vespucci. He was a contemporary navigator of Columbus, who first realized that it wasn't Asia, but a new continent.

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In 1494 the Tordesillas treaty cut the world in two areas, one in the hand of Portugues and the other in the hand of Spanish. In fact, the treaty was based on an immaginary meridian in the Atlantic Ocean

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Recommend reading the book Longitude. Excellent story of the clock maker John Harrison and the quest to find an accurate time piece to use for navigation purposes

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Longitude has 45,058 ratings and 2,096 reviews. Pramod said: Longitude from Dava Sobel is a fascinating account of how a virtually unknown watchmaker nam...

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From Ro-Bucharest

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The Greeks, through the navigation, colonized southern Italy and founded important pòleis...

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Map of the world produced in 1689 by Gerard van Schagen.

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Minoan calculator
Recently a researcher found a disc in The Ancient Museum in Herakleon Crete and discovered that
This disc was used to predict the lunar eclispses and the latitude in MInoan Crete nearly 1400 years before antilythera mechanism

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On the night of May 5, 1668, the Portuguese vessel Galeão Santíssimo Sacramento was shipwrecked on the coast of Bahia, at the time of the Red River. More than 400 people drowned and a valuable cargo went to the bottom of the sea in a vessel of approximately 500 tons. For more than three centuries this treasure was submerged. In 1976, the Brazilian Navy, in partnership with the Ministry of Education and PETROBRAS, recognizing the importance of this historical site, undertook the first research of submarine archeology in the country and brought to the fore the rescued from the scientific expedition of the Sacramento Galeão. Among the precious pieces are cannonballs, muskets and arquebuses; Fragments of cannon carts, pitch, nail and nail in metal; Alliances, thimbles, buttons, faience, plates, moringas and sacred images. An important part of these findings is found in the Nautical Museum of Bahia and greatly contributes to increase the knowledge of our colonial history. Properly classified and protected, the salvaged archaeological site of the Sacramento Galeão constitute a valuable collection of the formation of Brazil.

The history of navigations is the result of the enormous commitment of mathematicians, astronomers, nautists and shipbuilders who have contributed to solve problems related to heading, distance, latitude and longitude, ensuring, over time, more safety to the sea route.
In modern times, electronics, due to its ease and viability, have almost made us forget the difficult route of discovering and perfecting the instruments used by the pioneers of navigational art, of which the Portuguese can be proud to have contributed. The problems that have arisen over latitude and longitude have given great impetus to the improvement and discovery of new instruments.
Visiting the collection of nautical instruments and replicas of boats of the Nautical Museum of Bahia, it is possible to know the types and characteristics of the instruments used in the art of sailing, and their evolution up to the present day, as well as the details of the main vessels with which the From the fifteenth century onwards, seafarers pioneered the oceans and seas in search of new lands, new peoples, riches and dreams.

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In Portugal, there are several prehistoric monuments related to astronomical observations. As an example, I am referring to the Cromeleque dos Almendres, in Évora.

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As Romania is more a continental country than one which has access to seas and oceans, we do not have navigators, but we do have explorers. The most famous explorers are Ilarie Mitrea, a surgeon who travelled towards Australia and Indonesia, Iuliu Popper, an engineer who explored many countries in South America, and Emil Racovita, a great biologist who studied more than a thousand species of plants and animals in Antarctica.

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Stephen the Great was a famous medieval moldavian king. He wanted to conquer the Black Sea at the end of the fifteenth century. So, Stephen the Great used the Moldavian Draper (Pânzarul Moldovenesc) to conquer the fortress Chilia.

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1. This is news to me - very beautiful and meaningful ornaments:
http://linearpopulationmodel.blogspot.lt/2014/01/the-cosmology-of-ancient-balts.html

2. Lithuanian Stonehenge:

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Waze is a GPS-based geographical navigation application program that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Waze Mobile. It works on smartphones and tablets with GPS support and provides turn-by-turn information and user-submitted travel times and route details, downloading location-dependent information over mobile networks

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Italy had great explorers.  I like particularly two of them.
Christopher Columbus (1451– 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World.
Amerigo Vespucci was of Florentine origin and had made several voyages to the New World in the early 16th century. Although historians dispute just how many voyages he made, and what role he played, Amerigo Vespucci must have been an expert sailor since he was named Chief Navigator for the Kingdom of Spain. He was a well-known cartographer in his time and at his school for navigation in Seville, he had Ferdinand Magellan among others, as a student.

Today it is not his voyages that are remembered, but possibly his first name, as in North and South America. Mapmakers of the time may have used the female version of Amerigo Vespucci's first name to the ever growing discovery of new lands. It was becoming obvious that China and the Indies were still farther off and these new lands, once known vaguely as Terra Nova or Terra Incognita, were now being labeled: America.

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As everybody knows, Italy gave birth to many famous explorers, who literally changed to world, breaking the boundaries of the known lands and discovering new places, as Colombo and Vespucci did. But I wish to talk about Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller which may be not as famous as they are. He lived in the 14th century and he is famous mainly for his epic travels along China and other Asian countries. He wasn't to first one to reach China, but he wrote a long and detailed chronicle of his experience, telling all about the people he met and their cultures. His book was an inspiration for many travelers to come, included Colombo. Moreover, he influenced also the science of cartography.
I like Marco Polo and his stories very much, because they represent the longing of the human being for discovering the unknown and breaking boundaries, without having fear of the diversity of the world.

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asrtolave is an important navigation tool

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We have a famous romanian scientist and navigator, Emil Racovita. He has explored 1,200 caves in Europe and Africa, has amassed a collection of 5,000 underground animals studied and has published over 66 papers on underground fauna. He is the founder of  Biospeleology and the first biologist in the world who has studied the life of animals and birds in Antarctica.

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Italians navigators, explorers and scientists are famous all over the world but there are some of them  less famous but no less important among them  I want to mention  Vincenzo di Bartolo, captain of the brig Elisa, who in 1838-39 became the protagonist of a journey full of adventures and that, for this, he earned the nickname of Columbus of Palermo, as the Duke called him in a 1977 article.
The route included a first trip that was to bring a load of Sicilian products in Boston, then had to start again from there to the island of Sumatra, to load pepper to bring back it to Palermo. This trip, for those times, was to be considered a business rather than daring but it was the first time that a sicilian ship  was sailing the Indian Ocean .Vincenzo Di Bartolo during the navigation compiled a very detailed traveldiary, to transmit information and advice to all those who would attempt the enterprise later.

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I do not know much more than achievements of Kopernik. Nicolaus Copernicus published his work starting the Copernican Revolution just before his death in 1543.
He was wrong placing the Sun in the centre of the universe but much more right than many of his contemporaries and predecessors placing the Earth in the middle of the universe. But this knowledge is probably used for navigation in our solar system not on Earth.

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I found this info about first world map with America on from 1507 by

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Martin Waldseemüller (c. 1470 - 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer and humanist scholar. Sometimes known by the Latinized form of his name, Hylacomylus, his work was influential among contemporary cartographers. He and his collaborator Matthias Ringmann are credited with the first recorded usage of the word to name a portion of the New World in honour of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Waldseemüller was also the first to map South America as a continent separate from Asia, the first to produce a printed globe and the first to create a printed wall map of Europe. A set of his maps printed as an appendix to the 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geography is considered to be the first example of a modern atlas.

Details of Waldseemüller's life are scarce. He was born around 1470 in the German town of Wolfenweiler. His father was a butcher and moved to Freiburg im Breisgau in about 1480. Records show that Waldseemüller was enrolled in 1490 at the University of Freiburg where Gregor Reisch, a noted humanist scholar, was one of his influential teachers; the printer Johannes Schott was his classmate. After finishing at the university, he lived in Basel where he was ordained a priest and, apparently, gained experience in printing and engraving while working with the printer community in Basel.

Around 1500, an association of humanist scholars formed in Saint-Dié under the patronage of René II, Duke of Lorraine. They called themselves the Gymnasium Vosagense and their leader was Walter Lud. Their initial intention was to publish a new edition of Ptolemy's Geography. Waldseemüller was invited to join the group and contribute his skills as a cartographer. It is not clear how he came to the group's attention, but Lud later described him as a master cartographer. Matthias Ringmann was also brought into the group because of his previous work with the Geography and his knowledge of Greek and Latin. Ringmann and Waldseemüller soon became friends and collaborators.

1507 world map

In 1506, the Gymnasium obtained a French translation of the Soderini Letter, a booklet attributed to Amerigo Vespucci that provided a sensational account of four alleged Vespucci voyages to explore the coast of lands recently discovered in the western Atlantic. The Gymnasium surmised that this was the "new world" or the "antipodes" hypothesized by classical writers. The Soderini Letter gave Vespucci credit for discovery of this new continent and implied that newly obtained Portuguese maps were based on his explorations. They decided to put aside the Geography for the moment and publish a brief Introduction to Cosmography with an accompanying world map. The Introduction was written by Ringmann and included a Latin translation of the Soderini Letter. In a preface to the Letter, Ringmann wrote

"I see no reason why anyone could properly disapprove of a name derived from that of Amerigo, the discoverer, a man of sagacious genius. A suitable form would be Amerige, meaning Land of Amerigo, or America, since Europe and Asia have received women's names."

While Ringmann was writing the Introduction, Waldseemüller focused on the creation of a world map using an aggregation of sources including maps based on the works of Ptolemy, Henricus Martellus, Alberto Cantino and Nicolò de Caverio. In addition to a large 12-panel wall map, Waldseemüller created a smaller, simplified globe. The wall map was decorated with prominent portraits of Ptolemy and Vespucci. The map and globe were notable for showing the New World as a continent separate from Asia and for naming the southern landmass America. By April 1507, the map, globe and accompanying book, Introduction to Cosmography, were published. A thousand copies were printed and sold throughout Europe.

The Introduction and map were a great success and four editions were printed in the first year alone. The map was widely used in universities and was influential among cartographers who admired the craftsmanship that went into its creation. In the following years, other maps were printed that often incorporated the name America. Although Waldseemüller had intended the name to apply only to a specific part of Brazil, other maps applied it to the entire continent. In 1538, Gerardus Mercator used America to name both the North and South continents on his influential map and by this point, the name was securely fixed on the New World.

Ptolemy's Geography (1513)

After 1507, Waldseemüller and Ringmann continued to collaborate on a new edition of Ptolemy's Geography. In 1508 Ringmann travelled to Italy and obtained a Greek manuscript of Geography ( Codex Vaticanum Graecorum 191). With this key reference they continued to make progress and Waldseemüller was able to finish his maps. However, completion was forestalled when their patron, Duke René II, died in 1508. The new edition was finally printed in 1513 by Johannes Schott in Strasbourg. By then, Waldseemüller had pulled out of the project and was not credited for his cartographic work. Nevertheless his maps were recognized as important contributions to the science of cartography and were considered a standard reference work for many decades.

Approximately twenty of Waldseemüller's tabulae modernae (modern maps) were included in the new Geography as a separate appendix, Claudii Ptolemaei Supplementem. This supplement constitutes the first modern atlas. Maps of Lorraine and the upper Rhine region were the first printed maps of those regions and were probably based on survey work done by Waldseemüller himself.

The world map published in the 1513 Geography seems to indicate that Waldseemüller had second thoughts about the name and the nature of the lands discovered in the western Atlantic. The New World was no longer clearly shown as a continent separate from Asia, and the name America had been replaced with Terra Incognita (Unknown Land). What caused him to make these changes is not clear, but perhaps he was influenced by contemporary criticism that Vespucci had usurped Columbus's primacy of discovery.

Other works

Waldseemüller was also interested in surveying and surveying instruments. In 1508 he contributed a treatise on surveying and perspective to the fourth edition of Gregor Reisch's Margarita Philosophica. He included an illustration of a forerunner to the theodolite, a surveying instrument he called the polimetrum. In 1511 he published the Carta Itineraria Europae, a road map of Europe that showed important trade routes as well as pilgrim routes from central Europe to Santiago de Compostela, Spain. It was the first printed wall map of Europe.

In 1516 he produced another large-scale wall map of the world, the Carta Marina Navigatoria, printed in Strasbourg. It was designed in the style of portolan charts and consisted of twelve printed sheets.

The Paris Green Globe (or Globe vert), has been attributed to Waldseemüller by experts at the Bibliothèque Nationale. However, the attribution is not universally accepted.

Waldseemüller died without a will on 16 March 1520 in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in eastern France, where he had served as a canon in the collegiate Church of Saint-Dié since 1514.

The 1507 wall map was lost for a long time, but a copy was found in Schloss Wolfegg in southern Germany by Joseph Fischer in 1901. It is the only known copy and was purchased by the United States Library of Congress in May 2003. Five copies of Waldseemüller's globular map survive in the form of " gores": printed map sections that were intended to be cut out and pasted onto a wooden globe.

David Brown: 16th-Century Mapmaker's Intriguing Knowledge, in: The Washington Post, 2008-11-17, p. A7

Peter W. Dickson: "The Magellan Myth: Reflections on Columbus, Vespucci and the Waldseemueller Map of 1507", Printing Arts Press, 2007, 2009 (Second Edition)

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). Amerigo: The Man Who Gave his Name to America. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781400062812.

Hessler, John W. (2008). The naming of America : Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 world map and the Cosmographiae introductio. GILES. ISBN 978-1904832492.

Toby Lester: Putting America on the Map, Smithsonian, Volume 40, Number 9, p. 78, December 2009

Lester, Toby (2009). The Fourth Part of the World: An Astonishing Epic of Global Discovery, Imperial Ambition, and the Birth of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 9781416535317.

Meurer, Peter H. (2007). "Cartography in the German Lands, 1450-1650". In Woodward, David (ed.). The History of Cartography, Volume 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance, Part 2 (PDF). University of Chicago. pp. 1204-1207. ISBN 978-0-226-90734-5.

Seymour Schwartz: Putting "America" on the Map, the Story of the Most Important Graphic Document in the History of the United States, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, 2007

Van Duzer, Chet; Larger, Benoît (2011). "Martin Waldseemuller's Death Date". Imago Mundi. 63 (2).

Wolff, Hans (1992). "Martin Waldseemuller". In Wolff, Hans (ed.). America: Early Maps of the New World. Munich: Prestel. pp. 111-126. ISBN 3791312324.

The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller (Facsimile), via Google Books.

Joseph Fischer (1913). "Martin Waldseemüller" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

"16th-Century Mapmaker's Intriguing Knowledge", David Brown, The Washington Post. November 17, 2008; Page A07.

"You Are Here-The Library of Congress buys 'America's birth certificate'.", John J. Miller, The Wall Street Journal. July 25, 2003.

"The map that changed the world", Toby Lester The BBC, October 28, 2009.

"Waldseemüller, Martin" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.

World Digital Library presentation of Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorum que lustrationes or A Map of the Entire World According to the Traditional Method of Ptolemy and Corrected with Other Lands of Amerigo Vespucci. Library of Congress.

Cosmographiae Introductio: cum Quibusdam Geometriae ac Astronomiae Principiis ad eam rem Necessariis From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

Cosmographiae introductio: cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis... From the John Boyd Thacher Collection at the Library of Congress

Carta Marina of 1516, Speaker: Chet Van Duzer Video from the Library of Congress

Carta Marina of 1516, digital copy at the Library of Congress

A Land Beyond The Stars. Amerigo Vespucci and Martin Waldseemüller's Map of the World, virtual exhibition on Museo Galileo's website

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Martin Waldseemüller (c. 1470 - 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer and humanist scholar. Sometimes known by the Latinized form of his name, Hylacomylus, his work was influential among contemporary cartographers. He and his collaborator Matthias Ringmann are credited with the first recorded usage of the word to name a portion of the New World in honour of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.

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I'm not that familiar with any navigational achievements by Germans. However, my home town Jena has the oldest operating planetarium in Germany and is famous for its optical industry. The Zeiss company has been building amazing telescopes.

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The Romans with navigation made a fundamental contribution to the knowledge of regions such as Spain. Giulio Cesare will speak for the first time the island of Britain (currently England) then Emperor Claudius win.
With Nero gave impetus again exploration of Africa, in particular of the internal areas, with the Roman Expedition to the sources of the Nile which he wills, and even with Roman Shipments to Lake Chad and Niger River led by Lucius Cornelius Balbo, by Valerius Festus, by Septimius Flaccus and Maternus Julius. This need was driven in particular by the market of slaves and exotic animals used in circuses. During the imperial period there is also the possibility of contacts with the Americas, confirmed by mosaics in Pompeii.

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Basilicata
Even for the Achaean colony of Metaponto the presence of a port structure is documented
by literary sources. The greek historian Thucydides, in recounting the expedition sent
in the final decades of the fifth century BC by the Athenians against Syracuse, it refers to
passage of the Athenian fleet in the Ionian gulf and expressly mentions the port of
Metaponto (VII, 33).

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BASILICATA. Even for the Achaean colony of Metaponto the presence of a port structure is documented
by literary sources. The greek historian Thucydides, in recounting the expedition sent
in the final decades of the fifth century BC by the Athenians against Syracuse, it refers to
passage of the Athenian fleet in the Ionian gulf and expressly mentions the port of
Metaponto (VII, 33).

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On the shaft of nuragic ships is a depiction of a bird. Probably it served to study the wind direction and facilitate navigation. Bronze age. Sardinia. Italy

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The history of Italian navigation is really rich. In particular the history of Venice is full of sailors and boats. There are till today so many boats I can't tell/remember the proper names. They used to navigate in the Mediterranean Sea and had some tools but above all they knew all the winds and looked deeply at the sky and at the stars to know the exact point of where they were.

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I think Beagle journey is too important for Darwin’s evolution theory. This scientific fact is linked with this voyage.

I am from Turkey and we are a multicultural community because of Ottoman Empire. Our culture has too many voyagers. For example, Evliya Çelebi, Barbaros Hayreddin, Seydi Ali Reis, Kılıç Ali Paşa, Turgut Reis, Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi… All of them are important sailors and voyagers.

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The story of Italian navigation is ,surely, linked to the adventures of saliors navigating in the Mediterranean who made use of several techniques to steer including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. The sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction. Later were created some tools which significantly contributed to navigation. For example a magnetic compass and a rudimentary instrument known as a kamal, used for celestial navigation .  Another instrument available, developed by the Arabs, was the quadrant. Muslim sailors were  responsible for introducing  large three-masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The origins of the caravel ship, developed and used for long-distance travel by the Portuguese, and later by the rest of Iberians, since the 15th century. Nautical charts called portolan charts began to appear in Italy at the end of the 13th century.

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I'm from Southern Italy, a land colonized by the Greeks. They arrived with their ships to our shores, and brought customs and traditions from Greece. In later centuries our shores were animated by experienced sailors that learned the secrets of navigation, so that Naples and Amalfi were two important maritime republics. Neapolitans are also interested in the study of the sky and the stars. The Capodimonte Observatory is one of the excellences of Campania region and here, there is also located the museum of astronomical instruments (MuSA).
The museum's collection includes different sized telescopes, eyepieces, graduated scales to determine the positions of the stars and old books

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Our ancestors put a lot of efforts and time in the activity of watching the sea horizon. Our coasts and towns are still full of towers, whose only purpose was to anricipate the arrival of pirates and invaders. It looks like being out of topic, yet this is the history of my territory, deeply established in our collective memory.

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The Philippines is commemorating next week the arrival of Portuguese explorer Fernando Magallanes who arrived in the Philippines last March 16, 1521. He brought Christianity in the Philippines which also started the 300 year rule of the Spaniards in the country.

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Maritime repubblics are a crucial example of the navigation development  in Italy during the Middle Age.

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I’d like to share a very curious navigation tool, used by the sailors in the Middle Age in the part of Italy I come from, that is Liguria, on the north-western coast. Genoa, the largest town in the area, was a very important commercial port and conquered a number of territories and colonies, since the  XI century till the end of XVIII century.

This tool is not a map, as there is no graphic representation of the coast, its name is “La bonna parolla” (the good word), it’s a a long prayer the sailors used to say on their departure for a journey (actually it was compulsory to say it, when navigating on State vessels!), it dates back to XIV century and it’s quite a rare kind of document: there is just another one in Florence, more or less of the same period. It is an evidence of how much sailors feared the dangers of navigation and how much, nevertheless, the wanted to go by sea.

The “Bona parolla” consists of two different parts:

1. a request of protection from Saints and the Virgin;

2. the enumeration of churches and sanctuaries along the coast, from Palestine to the Atlantic Sea, making a guide in the itinerary. Here is a map of the churches, from: http://www.marenostrumrapallo.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:bonna-parolla&catid=36:storia&Itemid=163
I’ll put a study on the topic on my learning diary, on this post I’m copying a picture of St. Venerio’s monastery, on the Isle of Tino, the only sanctuary cited in the prayer located in the province of La Spezia, where I was born. My choice is for two reasons: 1) the place is very nice; 2) the place is very secluded: infact the isle is the property of the Navy (there is a lighthouse on it) and it’s possible to go there only on September 13th, the feast of St. Venerio, protector of the sailors and fishers.

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Thapsos is a small peninsula near Syracuse that was, in the second millennium BC, probably the site of a small village Mycenaean, perhaps one of their commercial emporiums. They witness some tombs like "dromos", ie with a long entrance corridor, similar to that of the much more famous so-called tomb of the "Treasury of Atreus". The Mycenaeans were certainly skilled sailors, as indirectly testifies to the Odyssey.

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Laura (Italy) - Ferdinandea, the island that isn't there

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Laura (Italy) - Ferdinandea, the island that isn't there

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In 1831 due to volcanic eruptions, an island was formed 19 miles off the coast of Sicily, claimed by the British, the Italians and the French. On marine charts, it is now called Graham’s Bar and is around 8 meters below the surface of the Mediterranean sea. The Ferdinandea island is also the pivot of a novel by Andrea Camilleri.

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Now I live in Mantua but I come from Venice and since I was child I like history of Marco Polo. Marco Polo (Venezia, 1254 – Venezia, 8 gennaio 1324) è stato un ambasciatore, scrittore, viaggiatore e mercante italiano vissuto nella Repubblica di Venezia. La sua famiglia apparteneva al patriziato veneziano.
Delle meravigliose cose del mondo, 1496
Insieme al padre Niccolò e allo zio Matteo giunse in Cina (Catai) percorrendo la via della seta. Le cronache del viaggio e della permanenza in Asia furono trascritte in francese da Rustichello da Pisa durante la prigionia. Il libro in seguito divenne noto come "il Milione".
Le sue descrizioni dell'Asia hanno ispirato Cristoforo Colombo.

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The Maritime Republics were city-state, located on the Italian coasts. The economic growth in Europe around the year 1000 made possible their development, giving them a leading role in organizing both war and commercial fleets. By the 15th century these sailors/navigators surely used rudimentary nautical charts, the magnetic compass, the astrolabe.

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During our history lessons, we usually  talk  about  “Mare Nostrum”,  because  it was the most important  supplies  road  for the Roman Empire. This is an example of historical fact related to navigation in relation to my culture and history.

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Scientists and historians don’t know when the principles behind magnetic compasses were discovered. In Europe, the magnetic compass first appeared in Amalfi, Italy, around the turn of the 14th century. But it is not known if the magnetic compass was also invented in the West or if it migrated to Europe along trade routes from China. However, it is clear that because sea trade and military advantage were of far more strategic importance to Western nations, they pushed the technology of the magnetic compass far more intensely than did the Chinese. With the successive rise of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English empires, development of the compass shifted to the European nations facing the Atlantic Ocean.

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Jorge Arango, from New York.              Native American cultures depended on the observations of the night sky for many important activities. They utilized the position of the stars to navigate the rivers, to travel on land, and most importantly, to keep track of time and the seasons. Most of the American peoples believed that the stars were their ancestors  and/or councils of chieftains in session, and consequently tried to observe them all the time. Some of them even had an opening on the top of their houses, to observe the sky overnight. 

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Jorge Arango, from New York.              Native American cultures depended on the observations of the night sky for many important activities. They utilized the position of the stars to navigate the rivers, to travel on land, and most importantly, to keep track of time and the seasons. Most of the American peoples believed that the stars were their ancestors  and/or councils of chieftains in session, and consequently tried to observe them all the time. Some of them even had an opening on the top of their houses, to observe the sky overnight. 

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This is a picture of a Hopi observatory

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The expedition of Magallanes and Elcano was a maritime expedition that took place in the XVI century to the control of Fernando de Magallanes and, after his death in the Philippines, Juan Sebastián Elcano. The expedition, financed by the Crown of Spain was the first circumnavigation of the Earth in history. They left Seville downstream in the direction of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. After preparing there for a month and ten days, they departed from there on September 20, 1519. In Seville, Antonio Pigafetta begins to write his Diary, where he recounted the whole trip. The expedition returned to the port of Seville in September 1522, with only one ship and 18 survivors.

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The shield of the coat of arms of the Italian Navy brings together the best-known symbols of the four Maritime Republics: from top left, clockwise, the emblems of Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi

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In 1800, some coastal cities were called "Maritime Republics": Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. These cities dominated the entire Mediterranean Sea with their maritime trade. With the Maritime Republics is reactivated the contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, almost stopped after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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How to measure the sailors their speed
In ancient times, the only way to measure the speed of the ship was to jettison a
piece of wood and observe how fast he walked away from the boat. this primordial
method of measuring the speed was called "Having the Log" ie "Count the logs" (more or less) and was
kept alive between 1500 and 1600, until it was not introduced as a second method
empirical as the first, called "Log Chip". Both methods are supposed to have been introduced by
Dutch navigators. The apparatus of the "Chip Log" consisted of a wooden panel in the form of
triangular, weighed on the bottom edge and connected from the top to a main line; to
completion of the kit there was an hourglass as half a minute. (See the illustration at left).
The line, had the nodes arranged at a regular distance one from the other. What the sailors had
It does was to row to the sea on the wooden panel, at the stern of the ship, and the line began to unroll
from the bucket roller to which it centered. Faster you move the ship and faster unrolled the
line. Counting the number of nodes that ended outboard, in a given time interval, measured
the hourglass, you could calculate the boat speed. This is why it has remained the name of
"Node" or "knot" with the physical quantity with which it is traditionally extent, the speed of
boats. The "node" is already in itself a unit of speed, is in fact incorrect to say "knots per hour", as
we shall see, the knot, is the relationship between distance and time, ie miles traveled
the time taken from the boat.
Below you show pictures, schematic and true of a log, instrument used to
determine the speed of the boats.

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Greek colonization in the West: knowledge, mythology, writing, architecture, etc.
A people who meets another, brings all the knowledge and the culture that is used to recreate it.

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It was Agustin Codazzi a Militar who worked in Colombia for the Commission Corográfica. This commission was intended too make a survey about the geography of my country. H e and his team had to travel along the country. One map is shared.

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Selinunte is one of the most important colony of Sicily , proof of importance of navigation in Mediterraneo in classical age. Greeks sailed into Mediterraneo sea to trade e to found new town

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On island Brač is one very special place called Desert Blaca. It was place where don Niko Milicevic, astronomer,  was living.
Don Nicholas Milicevic was initially dealt with celestial mechanics, calculations of celestial orbits of comets and planets and asteroids. Later dealt with the theory and practice sextant, theodolite and meridian instrument.
Besides the astronomical instruments in Blaca was the chronograph, barographs and others. It is mentioned that Don Nicholas discovered two comets and new star in the Lizard (1936)

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I am not sure about ancient civilizations in Mexico being good navigators, but a famous explorer changed our history: Christopher Columbus. He discovered the called "New World"= America and the interaction between these two worlds gave birth to our actual country, culture, traditions.

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In Colombia the river navigation is the main thing. For this was not as necessary astronomy, only the lunar phases for the tides.