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the course was very informative.the assignments allowed me to dig deeper into history for truth and not a one sides story.with this knowledge entrusted to i will share and pass it on with friends and family and encourage them to pass it on as well so that we may have an idea of the real history.before this course,I did not know that the Caribs were labelled as war like all because they were taking over new territory at the same time Christopher Columbus arrived in the new world.i do not regret taking this course at all and id recommend it to anyone with an level of enthusiasm only second to the creator of the course.

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f there were no peaceful Arawaks, what about the warlike Caribs? Who were those Indians from the Lesser Antilles, the ferocious ones with the infamous appetite for barbecued human flesh? Whoever they were they certainly created a greater impact on the European imagination than the so called Arawaks. The Caribbean was named after them, as was the word cannibal and, by anagram, Shakespeare's Caliban - that "Abhorred slave/Which any print of good-ness wilt not take/Being capable of all ill."
The story of the Caribs and Arawaks

Part 4 I

Who were these Caribs? They first entered the picture as a rumor Columbus had heard from the Taino. "All the people I have met here," he entered in his diary, "have said that they are greatly afraid of the 'Caniba' or 'Canima'." ------- (9) Actually we cannot know what Columbus was told because he had a remarkable ability for seeing what he wanted to see and hearing what he wanted to hear. And, after all, the caniba could be "nothing else than the people of the Great Khan, who must be very close by." --------(10)

Ovideo y Valdez suggested that the word meant 'brave' in Taino language. As much as a century later 'Carib' was still sometimes used as an adjective to describe different tribes. Thus, in 1620 Vasquez de Espinosa could say: "The island of Granada is thickly peopled with Carib Indians called Camajuyas, which means lightning from heaven, since they are brave and warlike." ------(11)

By then, somehow, Columbus's 'Caniba' were being called 'Caribe'. The English used 'Caribbees' 'Charibs' or 'Caribs', the French used 'Caraibes' and, for those on the mainland, 'Galibis'. Fr. Raymond Breton, who lived amongst the Indians in Dominica from 1641 to 1655, said, however, that the men called themselves 'Callinago' and the women called themselves 'Callipunam'. Today, among anthropologists, the favoured name is 'Kalina' but those still living in St. Vincent call themselves 'Garifuna'.

But if the linguists have clouded the issue of Arawaks with their palaver about Arawakan language speakers, they have also demystified the vulgar ideas about the Carib race, since, we are told, these 'Caribs' spoke a dialect of the Arawakan language family. In other words, linguistically the Caribs were really Arawaks and ironically, according to the linguist, Douglas Taylor, "the various but similar words referring to 'Carib' may go back to an ancestral kaniriphuna, meaningful in Arawakan but not, I think, in Cariban."--------(12)

Either way, such was the impression created by the Lesser Antillians that the Spanish and other Europeans took the matter of their eating humans quite seriously. For instance, the story was spread in the 16th century that some Dominican Caribs, after eating a Spanish friar, all fell ill. Thereafter, the Spanish, whenever they stopped off at Carib islands, they made sure to dress their sailors in sackcloth, just in case. The Caribs, it was thought, found Spaniards to be stringy and grisly, as opposed to the French who were rather delicious and the Dutch who tended to be fairly tasteless.

For all its seeming detail Spanish knowledge of Kalina culinary habits was actually negligible, far more so than that of the French. It is true that the Kalina and the Lokono raided each other's settlements for captives or revenge. And there was practiced, by both tribes, some degree of ritual cannibalism. In the 17th century account of Adriaan van Berkel who lived with Lokono in Berbice, and the 16th century account of Luisa Navarrete who was a Kalina 'slave' in Dominica, both tribes after successful raids killed one or two male captives in a victory ritual and put pieces of their flesh into the pot. An arm or a leg was preserved to remind them of their hatred of the enemy. That was more or less the extent of it.

There has a never been found any archaeological evidence as would indicate widespread and systematic cannibalism, evidence such as scorched human bones, bones with knife or saw cuts or which are unnaturally fractured, bones widely scattered. Nevertheless, such niceties were less than appreciated by the conquistadores who needed slaves. And if Queen Isabella had in 1503 prohibited any man "to arrest or capture any Indians... or to do them any harm or evil to their persons or possessions," she had also consented to the exception of, "a people called Cannibales ...(who) waged war on the Indians who are my vassals, capturing them to eat them as is their custom." What could be more practical for a Spaniard, then, than to discover as many 'Canni-bales' as there were Indians. After all, the Queen had explicitly ordered that "they may be captured and taken to these my Kingdoms and Domains and to other parts and places and be sold."---------(13)

In her order Isabella specifically mentioned the coast of Tierra Firme in the region of Colombia, an area which was only visited once previously by Rodrigo de Bastidas who had been peacably received. The Queen's information, it seems, had come from Uraba la Cosa who deliberately misled her to justify his 1504 voyage of plunder and slaving from Cumana to Uraba.

"If they were cannibals in those days," queried the french pirate- priest Pere Labat (1722) who knew the Caribs of Dominica intimately, "why are they not cannibals now? I have certainly not heard of them eating people, whether Englishmen with whom the Carib are nearly always fighting, or Allouages Indians of the mainland near the Orinoco with whom they are continually at war." -------(14)

The symbolic cannibalism which, it seems, certainly existed must have declined, ironically, after the Europeans arrived on the scene. Thereafter war ceased to be a ritual and became a matter of desperation. No Indian needed a white arm or leg to invoke a hatred for the new enemy.

But the raiding continued, increased even.

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f there were no peaceful Arawaks, what about the warlike Caribs? Who were those Indians from the Lesser Antilles, the ferocious ones with the infamous appetite for barbecued human flesh? Whoever they were they certainly created a greater impact on the European imagination than the so called Arawaks.

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The course was like a sea of information that hit me at every wash. Now, it has left me with knowledge of voyages of my people packed like sardines in a can, mistreated and abuse, both mentally and physically.Taken from homes and families by force, forcing us to force ourselves to work on plantations. Caribs were labelled war-like by the white coloniser because they  were cannibals and were in the process of taking over new territory (talk about being in the wrong place at the wrong time), they might have been labelled mermaids if they spent too much time in the water I guess. On estates, slaves were seen as without souls yet enslaved women were raped and we were subject to follow the coloniser's religion , how could a soulless being follow a religion which promoted afterlife salvation? As time moved on, the cost of slaves raised, causing the white man to keep enslaved women just for breeding purposes, just like what is done to animals. Later on, because profits fell due to competition from other places , the cost and maintenance cost of slaves became too high for a profitable business, as a result the abolition of slavery came about , how sad is that? To be freed because you were too expensive to be maintained?

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Music, being very influential to people on a whole, the commercialisation aided in the war-like behaviour of persons, always willing to cause bodily harm over things even as small as some one 'mashing' a foot by accident.Children have little to no upbringing, which results in lack of respect for themselves as well as for adults. The meme below was created by me to illustrates the point of violent acts for things that could just be forgotten due to its infinitesimal importance.

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The changes in Caribbean music may have raised from the commercialism of music, forcing artist to produce "what sells" that is, sex and violence, instead of producing conscious music. This commercialism has affected the people negatively. The picture below illustrates music and sex. Sex is used as an enticement to sell music.

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beautiful girl holding headphones on her boobs

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Find Beautiful Girl Holding Headphones On Her Stock Images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations, and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Thousands of new, high-quality videos added every day.

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a festive season of mass and togetherness.

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music moved from a caterpillar of positive vibes to a cocoon of violence, and disrespect to women. as illustrated by the words of a popular dance hall song, "...squeeze her breast like the triggers of my gun". Also by the song "Trigger Work It".

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Official video for "Trigger Work It" featured on the Dancehall Bully Riddim produced by Troytan Music || Follow Aidonia at @aidonia4thgenna http://vevo.ly/GKvLL5

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Caribbean integration was heavily promoted. One people,One voice.RALLY!!!!!!

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Caribbean integration was heavily promoted. One people,One voice.RALLY!!!!!!

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West Indies Cricket Anthem - Rally Round The West Indies

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West Indies Cricket Anthem - Rally Round The West Indies

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It not only carried the teachings of Ras Tafari (salasi) but it also promoted peace and love amongst black people .this is seen in songs of the famous Bod Marley

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the birth of Rastafarianism. Ras Tarfi , the last emperior of Ethiopia.

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In collaboration with Professor Ellis Cashmore Staffordshire University

Think about Rastafari and you'll immediately conjure images of the charismatic reggae master Bob Marley and his headful of swirling dreadlocks. Marley is certainly a Rastafari icon, but there is another man at the heart of the Jamaican movement. He is Ras Tafari: that was the birth name of Ethiopia's 225th and last emperor, who was born on 23 July 1892, and took the regal name Haile Selassie I when he was crowned. For Rastas, he is God (or Jah) incarnate - the redeeming messiah.

Nearly 8,000 miles separate Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and Kingston, Jamaica, but a link between them was forged by a number of poor black Jamaicans who believed Ras Tafari's coronation was the fulfillment of a prophecy and that he was their redeemer, the messiah written of in the Bible's Book of Revelation: "King of Kings, Lord of lords". They believed he would arrange for a deliverance, which, as they saw it, involved a miraculous transformation. They would be spirited away from their lives of poverty in the Caribbean and relocated in Africa, the land of their ancestors and their spiritual epicentre.

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Haile Selassie: Who was the Rastafarian messiah?

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In collaboration with Professor Ellis Cashmore Staffordshire University Think about Rastafari and you'll immediately conjure images of the charismatic reggae master Bob Marley and his headful of swirling dreadlocks. Marley is certainly a Rastafari icon, but there is another man at the heart of the Jamaican movement.

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music was used by many slaves as a means to communicate information about planned revolts against estate managers, often cultivated under the veil of religious activities by slaves.

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in the 18th century, slavery already alive in the world, set foot in the sands of the then, New World.With slaves came music and song, a way used by slaves to ease the difficult work at hand,pass on culture to the young,religion, beliefs, display happiness,love and even conflict.

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Music defined.
The science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity.

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the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity; vocal, instrumental, or mechanical sounds having rhythm, melody, or harmony; an agreeable sound : euphony... See the full definition