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Skunks
- belong to the weasel family, and are known on sight by their familiar black and white colors
- serves as a warning to would-be predators.
-All weasels can spray musk, but skunks have the strongest odor and overpowering stink can be smelled for miles
-They can accurately aim the spray up to 10 feet,

Bombardier Beetle
- insect has become somewhat notorious for its aggressive means of self-defense.
- The beetle has the ability to shoot a scalding, stinking fluid from its posterior … the mere sight of which would likely deter a predator.
- stomach is a type of reaction chamber where chemicals are mixed to create the foul-smelling spray, then released at temperatures of around 100 degrees Celsius
- spray can be ejected with pinpoint accuracy, and its rapid-fire capability is reminiscent of a machine gun … When expelled, the fluid is hot enough to produce a type of ‘gun smoke’.

Flying Fish
- Although ‘Flying Fish’ sounds kind of like an oxymoron, these animals are found in oceans all over the world
- They’re known to make self-propelled leaps from the water into the air … whereupon they expand fins that resemble wings!
- long fins enable them to glide for long distances above the water, usually maintaining a height of around 20 feet
- been known to cover up to 1,300 feet while traveling at speeds over 40 mph.

Elephant Hawk Moth Caterpillar
-Predators like birds are usually hesitant to attack while the insect maintains its reptilian look.
-Hawk Moth takes its name from the shape of its caterpillar
-The shape resembles an elephant’s trunk!

Iberian Ribbed Newt
- amphibian found in Morocco has a defense mechanism that involves a bit of self-mutilation. When threatened, it will push its ribs through the sides of its body
- bones pierce the skin, the animal produces a toxin that secretes through the newly opened pores
- serves to inject stinging toxins into the mouth of a predator.

Exploding Ants & Termites
-Carpenter ants are found in many forested locations throughout the world. But did you know there are several species in Southeast
- insects have glands filled with poison inside their bodies.
- If threatened, they can contract their abdomen and rupture their body causing poison to explode from their head and cover their attacker with the toxic, glue-like substance which immobilizes them.
-Some species of termites have a similar strategy  they have pouches into which they secrete toxic blue crystals which react to their enemy’s saliva
- When the attacker strikes, the pouches explode, killing them

Hairy Frog
-the name is due to thin strands of skin that develop on the bodies of males during breeding season
- they resemble hair and are thought to help the creature better absorb oxygen.
- when threatened, the frogs can break the bones in their toes and push them through the skin creating retractable claws.
-The claws can be so sharp that hunters in Central Africa use long spears while capturing the frogs to avoid injury.
- it’s sometimes called the Wolverine Frog

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Heritable Variation
- heredity
- genetics
* Gregor Mendel
- deduced the fundamental principles of genetics

Abbey Garden
1.) removed stamens from purple flower
2.) transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower
3.) Pollinated carpel matured into pod
4.) planted seeds from pod

- character
- trait
* mendel studied occured in two distinct traits
- Mendel
* created purebred varities of plants
- Hybrids are the offspring of two different purebred varieties
P generation
F 1 generation
F 2 generation

monohydrid cross
- cross between purebred parent plants that differ in only one character

Mendel's 4 Hypotheses
1.)the alternative versions of genes are called alleles
2.) organism inherits two alleles,  one from each parent
a- homozygous
b- heterozygous
3.) If two alleles of an inheeited pair differ
a- domiant allele
b-  recessive allele
4) Gametes carry only one allele for each inherited character
a- Law of segregation

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Treatment can involve radiation therapy and chemotherapy
-decrrease risk of cancer
- not smoking and excersing
- avoidong sun exosure
- high fiber and ow fat diet
- performing self exams
-regular visits to doctors

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- Metaphase 1- micro tubes attached to chromosome
- Anapahase 1- sister chromatids remain attached
- telophase 1 and cytokineses- cleavage furrow. Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still doubled
- prophase 2-
- metaphase2- chromosomes line up in the center

- alignment during metaphase 1 of each homologous pair of chromosomes is a matter of chance
- every pair orients independently of all the others at metaphase 1
- total number of chromosome combos that can appear in the gametes due to independent assortments is 2^n

RANDOM FERTILIZATION
- human egg cell fertilized randomly by one sperm, leading to genetic variety in the zygote
- random nature of fertilization adds a huge amount of potential variability

CANCER CELLS
- normal plant and animal cells have a cell cycle control system
- disease of the cell cycle and do not repsondnormaly tothe system
-form tumors, abnormally gorwing masses of body cells

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- chromatin-- DNA wrap around Histone Protein or DNA and histone proteins
- chromatid-- duplicated chromosome attached at the point of centromere

Interphase
longest phase
everything grows
centrolle starts forming for spindles

PMAT
- phrophase the nucleus disassembles and sister chromatid are duplicated
- metaphase  middle where spindle gets ready for next stage
- anaphase stretches cell even further and daughter chromosomes break apart
-telaphase everything is form and cells are identical. Nuclear envelope starts to form
-chromosomes decondense

Cytokinesis
- begins during telophase and divides cytoplasm
-animals cells known as clevage furrow
- plant cells known as cell plate

G1 phase
- cells grow physically larger copies organelles and make molecular building blocks for steps
S phase
- cells synthesizes a complete copy of DNA (chromosomes)
G2 phase
- cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganizes its contents for mitosis
*when G2 phase ends, mitosis begins
G0 phase
- resting takes place
-no replication

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- reproduction commonly involves in production
- cell division-- leads to 2 "daughter" cells are produced that are genetically identical

-Duplication of chromosomes
- each daughter cell receives identical set

Sexual reproduction-- requires fertilization
* Mitosis
a. for reproduction
b. for growth and maintenance

- Eukaryotic cells have most genes located in the nucleus packaged in chromosome. Some found in other places
*number depend on species
-chromosomes are made of chromatin
-packed into an elaborate, multilevel system of coiling and folding

- before cells divide chromosomes dupilcate
* sister chromatids
*sister chromatids will seperate
- joined together tightly at a narrow "waist" called the centromere

*chromotaids - two come together
* chromatin- one strand of chromosome

Cell Cycle
- most time spent ininterphase
* performs normal functions, doubles everything in its cytoplasm, grows in size

Mitotic (M) phase:
- mitosis, mitotic spindle & centrosomes
- cytokinesis

Proface
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

Histones and Nucleosomes