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Opposite nuclei were implanted on the opposite stock of 2 types of algae and it was observed that the nucleus present determined the 'flower' would grow proving that the genetic information of a cell was located in the nucleus

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Discovered by Singer and Nicholson who observed that the cells membrane can be viewed as a 2D liquid that is able to float and change shape

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Secreted by all cells to surround themselves
-Cell Wall only occurs in plants; consists of 3 layers and is very rigid giving plants their sturdy structure
-Cell Membrane is semi-permeable.  It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with their polar heads facing the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm and their hydrophobic tails facing each other.  It also contains other hydrophobic materials like cholesterol
-Membrane proteins come in different forms for different functions.  Integral (Trans) membrane proteins go completely through the membrane allowing the passage of some molecules through it.  Peripheral membrane proteins attach to the integral membrane proteins
-Glycocalyx are carbohydrates attached to the periphery of the cell that help with intracellular communication
-Aquaporins control the flow of water (through a hydrophobic membrane) in and out of the cell

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-Structures include the nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm
-Nuclear envelope is 2 layers, surrounds the nucleus with a small open space in the middle
-Nuclear lamina supports the structure of the nucleus and forms spaces for nuclear pores
-Nuclear pores are made of 8 protein subunits and control substances moving in and out of the nucleus
-Nucleolus is where transcription occurs, 1-4 per nucleus, disappears during prophase of mitosis
-Chomatin is in forms of euchromatin and heterochromatin.  Euchromatin is loosely packed and transcribable, heterochromatin is tightly wound and stored at the periphery
-Nucloplasm contains ATP and enzymes of transcription and rRNA

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M3.15-

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M3.13-3.14

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M3.1-3.12