# data[].attributes.body
1.     What are the critical elements in scientific thinking？

Key key elements of scientific thinking include theoretical thinking, logical evaluation of arguments, systematic empirical investigation, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research results to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2.     Can social and natural sciences be scientific in the same way?

We should not expect sociologists to use the exact same investigative methods as the natural sciences. This is because people, social groups, and societies are radically different from other animals and events in the physical world.

3.     What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists? Provide some examples?

An advantage for sociologists is that they can talk and ask questions directly from their subjects. For example, in order to distinguish suicide or accidental death, we need to know the intention of the person in question when they die. Therefore, intent and meaning are key explanatory features of human behavior.

4.     What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face?

To be able to accurately describe social life, they need to first understand the meaning that people apply to their actions.

# data[].attributes.body
1.theoretical thinking, logical evaluation of arguments, systematic empirical investigation, rigorous analysis of data, and a commitment to publishing research results in order to accumulate knowledge.

2.Social and natural sciences can not be scientific in the same way because social groups and societies are very different from animals and events in the physical world due to the fact that people are self-aware beings.

3.Biologists and sociologists are different in that they can talk to and ask questions directly of the people they study.

4. Research participants may also consciously or unconsciously try to provide answers or behave in a way that they think it pleases the researcher and this adds to the complications of social research. Biologist would not have such problems when they study behaviours of chemicals or frogs

# data[].attributes.body
1. Analyze the spatial distribution of things or phenomena.
Analyze things or phenomena in terms of their development in time.
Analyze the various factors, aspects, attributes.
2.The social sciences cannot become true science like natural science
3.In class society, social science is a science of class nature. Natural science has no class nature, but social science is a science with distinct class nature. Truth has class nature, it refers to social science truth, does not include natural science truth.
4.Although biological phenomena are more complex than physical ones, biological behavior is primarily instinctive. Structure and function are highly uniform in the biological world. Human identity undermines the unity of structure and function that is widespread in the natural world, because man, as a social actor, can create structures to maintain privilege and can use theory to justify privilege. Being (structure) is therefore no longer equal to being reasonable (function). This is not to say that there is no rationality in any social existence, but the relationship between existence and rationality can be strained and loosened -- power, brainwashing and elite alliances can sustain "unreasonable" existence, and "reasonable" existence can always be interpreted as a need for privilege. I put unreasonable and reasonable in quotation marks because once structure and function lose their close relationship, it is difficult for any kind of positive or negative discourse on the existing social structure to completely break out of the arguer's own values, intentions and even subconscious. The first thing that social scientists need to do is to get rid of structural-functionalist thinking, but very few of them actually do this. A prominent phenomenon in social sciences is that scholars who insist on the "conflict theory" will also appear to be particularly functionalist -- their strong value tendency will make them immediately adopt the perspective of structural functionalism when facing things consistent with their own values and interests.

# data[].attributes.body
1.What are the critical elements in scientific thinking?
The skills-observe, compare, sort and organize, predict, experiment, evaluate, and apply-- are the seven essential steps to scientific thinking.
2. Can social and natural sciences be scientific in the same way?
Both sciences employ the same scientific model in order to obtain information.
3. What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists? Provide some examples?
Sociology as a science is a study of the natural process by which personality is formed and cultural continuity maintained. Biology is a study of the organic process by which individuals are produced and species continuity maintained.They can directly ask and talk.
4. What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face?
The problem is that when researchers do not have adequate training, knowledge, and experience, their social scientific studies are often poorly designed, neglect vast bodies of social scientific knowledge, and are full of methodological flaws.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Theoretical thinking and logical assessments of arguments systematic emperical investigations rigorous analysis of data and commitment
2. no both cant be in the same way because social groups and societies are very different from animals
4. know other intention is really difficult
3.they can directly as questions

# data[].attributes.body
1. These are the crucial elements that play a role in scientific thinking:
-theoretical thinking

-logical assessment of arguments

-systematic empirical investigations

-rigorous analysis of data
-commitment to publish research findings

2. No, because people and societies differ from other creatures and events in the physical world.

3. Sociologists have the advantage of being able to talk to and directly ask the subjects of their research, which biologists are unable to do.

4. Humans are self-aware creatures who provide purpose to their actions. We must comprehend the meanings that people assign to their actions in order to effectively depict social life. The example given in the text illustrates a situation where it is a difficulty encountered by social scientists. How can you tell the difference between an accidental death and a suicide? What was the person planning before their passing? What were their genuine intentions? All these factors play a role in explaining human behaviour.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Critical elements include theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings.
2. Because both have quantitative and qualitative research that involves all of the elements.
3. The advantage is that they can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research, something that biologists and chemists would not be able to do.
4. dealing with human participants can be very challenging as people who are aware that their activities are being scrutinised and observed by researchers may alter their usual behaviour and opinions, thus invalidating the researcher’s conclusions.

# data[].attributes.body
1.) theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.
2.)yes. they both involve qualitative and quantitative methods
3.)they can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research while natural scientists cant.
4.) Humans are self aware creatures and can alter their mode of behaviour when they realise that they are being watched. They might also consciously or unconsciously give the answers they believe the researcher wants to hear

# data[].attributes.body
1. Critical elements in scientific thinking includes theoretical thinking, logical examination of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, careful analysis of data, and publishing academic research.

2. No, they can not be exactly the same. This is because intention is a key element in understanding human behaviour, something that doesn't exists in objects such as animals and plants. Thus, social scientists will need to  investigate the underlying objectives, values, reasons and thinking behind human conduct to obtain the full picture.

3/4.
One of the privileges that social scientists have in developing their research is their ability to directly engage with the subject itself. Knowledge about the subject can be directly gained by conducting interviews, talks, and experiments to observe their response. This is an advantage that natural scientists who deal with objects in the natural world do not possess. However, this  might also be a disadvantage for sociological researchers as the subjects themselves may not behave normally as they do in experiments when they are concious of the fact that they are being observed.

5.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Solving problems in a scientific way in practice can't be defined by a fixed methodology
2. I think no.
3.I think sociological researchers is easier than biologists.Because people have a sense of  self-realized so sociologists can talk to people directly but biogolists need to explore to find out.For example, in order to distinguish between suicide and accidental death, we need to know the intention of death.
4.sometimes we need to get our target

# data[].attributes.body
. The skills-observe, compare, sort and organize, predict, experiment, evaluate, and apply-- the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societiesSociology as a science is a study of the natural process by which personality is formed and cultural continuity maintained

# data[].attributes.body
1. The key elements of science include theoretical thinking, logical evaluation of arguments, systematic empirical investigation, rigorous analysis of data, and a commitment to publishing research results to accumulate knowledge.

2. The social sciences cannot become natural sciences.

3. Intent and meaning are key features in explaining human behavior. Therefore, sociologists are at a distinct disadvantage compared to natural scientists. For example, how to distinguish between suicide and accidental death, we need to know the person's intentions.

4. When people realize that their behavior is being observed, they change their behavior and perspective, which invalidates the study

# data[].attributes.body
1.Theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2.NO.Unlike to nature science,sociology is aimed to investigate whole social relationships,including people,social group and society  itself,which are very diiferent from other animal or formula in this world.Particuarly,humans are self-aware beings who confer meaning and purpose on what they do,so we can't use the same method from nature science to research sociology.

3.sociologist can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research, something that biologists and chemists would not be able to do.

4 .Research participants may also consciously or unconsciously try to provide answers or behave in a way that they think pleases the researcher, and this adds to the complications of social research.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What are the critical elements in scientific thinking?
theoretical thinking, logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and show the result of research and receive the knowledge.

2. Can social and natural sciences be scientific in the same way?
no, Because there is a difference between humans and animals, Human beings are self-conscious, and all behaviors are purposeful.

3. What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists? Provide some examples?
The intentions and meaning are the key points for explanatory features of human action, so the sociologists can talk and ask questions from the objects of their research.

4. What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face?
Human beings are complex, so the biggest challenge should be that when human beings know that they are being observed by researchers, they may change their behaviors and views, which leads to uncertainty and mistakes in the results.

# data[].attributes.body
1. analyse theories, publish research findings and develop a body of knowledge.
2. no
3. the social researcher investigates a wide range of,they can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research
4.For example, to distinguish between suicide or accidental death, we need to know what the person in question intended when they died.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What are the critical elements in scientific thinking?

Including theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2. Can social and natural science be scientific in the same way?

No. This is because people, social groups and societies are different from animals and events  of the physical world. They have a self-conscious mind who find meanings and purposes to what they do.

3. What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists? Provide some examples.

As a sociologist, researchers are able to ask questions directly from the source of the subject. They have the opportunity to confirm and discuss their findings at the same time receiving criticism to produce reliable and valid information.

4. What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face.

Researches may unconciously assume one's behaviour and that may affect the results of the research. Participants may also interfere with the outcome by subconsciously answering the questions that pleases the researchers.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The key elements of scientific thinking are theoretical thinking, logical evaluation of arguments, systematic empirical investigation, rigorous analysis of data, and a commitment to publishing research results in order to accumulate knowledge.
Sociologists can talk directly to their subjects and get information. For example, when they study the influence of social media on people, they can directly ask some people to answer what influence social media has brought to them.
3. When people know they are being studied, they may subconsciously change their opinions and behaviors, which increases the complexity of social research. It's hard for researchers to determine whether the data they're getting are actually from people's actual thoughts and behaviors.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments ,systematic empirical
investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2.No, because people, social groups and societies are, in significant ways, very different from other animals and events in the physical world.

3.They can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research.Such as they can just ask people,"why are you doing this?"

4.Trying to get inside the mind and understanding someone’s intentions.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Theoretical thinking, logical assessments of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.
2. No. Because the intentions of human behaviours should be considered and those cannot be measured in a way natural sciences do because those require interpretation.
3. By interaction with humans such as conversation with humans, sociologists can ask them directly and be able to find reasons behind social phenomena unlike natural scientists.
4. Variables on human behaviour. Humans can act in a different way as usual if they are conscious of being experimented. Furthermore, social norms and values are changing as the time goes and those vary in all different countries and cultures. Hence, social phenomenas can be difficult to predict rather than natural sciences.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Key elements including theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empirical investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publish research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2.No, this is because people, social groups and societies in significant ways are very different from the other animals and events in the physical world.

3.Advantage for sociologists and that is they can talk and directly asks questions from the objects of their research.

Example: Social researchers can talk to people, but we can't precisely talk to animals.

4. humans are self-aware beings who confer meaning and purpose on what they do.  Because of this, compared to natura scientists, sociologists are at a distinct disadvantage as trying to get inside the mind and understanding.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Scientific thinking includes the critical elements of theoretical thinking and logical assessment of arguments, systematic empiric investigations, rigorous analysis of data, and commitment to publishing research findings to develop a body of cumulative knowledge.

2) Social and natural sciences can not be scientific in the same way because social groups and societies are very different from animals and events in the physical world due to the fact that people are self-aware beings.

3) Compared to biologists, sociologists have the advantage that they can talk and direct ask questions from the object of their research.

4) Dealing with humans can be challenging because people are aware that their activities are being scrutinised and observed by researchers, which may alter their behaviour and opinions, thus making a research invalid. Participants can also subconsciously or consciously answer in the researcher's favour. Researchers of natural science would not face these problems when studying animals and chemicals.

# data[].attributes.headline
1. What are the critical elements in scientific thinking?2. Can social and natural sciences be scientific in the same way?3. What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists?  Provide some examples?4. What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face?You will have 25 minutes to discuss and prepare your ansewrs to the questions above. You will be asked to present your findings to the rest of the class at the end of your debates. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1. What are the critical elements in scientific thinking?2. Can social and natural sciences be scientific in the same way?3. What are the advantages for sociological researchers compared to biologists?  Provide some examples?4. What are some of the difficulties encountered by social scientists that natural scientists do not face?You will have 25 minutes to discuss and prepare your ansewrs to the questions above. You will be asked to present your findings to the rest of the class at the end of your debates. 