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The spinning mule was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779. The spinning mule was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame. The spinning mule produced thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines.

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Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793.  Cotton was originally picked by hand and the seeds were removed by hand so the cotton gin would speed up the time that this took.  The cotton gin was a major invention because the American cotton production went from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.
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During the early 1800s, a Scottish engineer named John McAdam worked to improve British roads. He first placed large stones to allow drainage and on top the the large stones he layered crushed rock. These roads allowed people to travel in the rain without sinking in mud.

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The Invention of the Locomotive and Railroad Lines

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The Invention of the Locomotive and Railroad Lines

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The first railroad line was opened by George Stevenson in 1825 and it ran for 27 miles.  The train and railroad majorly affected life in Britain.  The railroads helped boost the industrial growth, gave people jobs, boosted agricultural and fishing industries, and the railroads made travel faster and easier.

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The Development of the Middle Class in Britain

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The Development of the Middle Class in Britain

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Factory owners, shippers, and merchants who were part of the growing middle class began to generate a lot of wealth.  Landowners and aristocrats began to lose some of the social and political power and members of the middle class surpassed their wealth, yet the members of the middle class were still looked down on.  As the middle class grew it separated into the upper middle class and the lower middle class.

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The Industrial Revolution was a large advancement for society. Many things were invented that have paved a pathway to where we are as a planet today. The spinning mule was a major boost for the textile industry because thread for clothes could be produced much faster. The cotton gin significantly reduced the time it took for cotton to have the seeds removed which boosted the cotton industry in the South. Roads and railroads helped a lot with faster and smoother travel and quicker ways of transporting products. The development of the middle class in Britain was important because it took some power from the wealthy and it showed that working hard can get you money. In conclusion, inventions and the development of a middle class were huge factors in moving the world foward.

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The Berlin Conference was a meeting in 1884-85 between 14 European nations to lay the rules for dividing Africa.  No African ruler was invited to the conference so Africa had no say over what happened.  The Berlin Conference had a major impact on Africa because new borders were created and that affected how the linguistic groups were divided and the countries that were imperialized had culture shifts due to the countries that imperialized them.
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Ethiopia's emperor Menelik II signed a treaty with Italy thinking he was only giving up a tiny portion of Ethiopia when Italy was actually claiming Ethiopia as a protectorate. Menelik declared war with Italy after he figured out that Italian forces were marching to Ethiopia. In 1896 Menelik and his forces defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adowa and Ethiopia was able to keep its independence.

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The Crimean War was in 1853 between the Russians and the Ottomans.  Britain and France also entered the war on the side of the Ottomans because Russia was trying to gain control of additional Ottoman land.  The Crimean War was the first war in which women established their positions as army nurses and it was the first war to be covered by a newspaper.

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In 1857, gossip was spreading around the Indian soldiers that the cartridges of their new rifles were greased with pork and beef fat. 85 of the 90 sepoys refused the cartridges and they were arrested and the next day the sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi and captured the city. There was fierce fighting that spread over much of northern India and it took over a year for the British East India company to regain control of the country.

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When Queen Liliuokalani took the Hawaiian throne, she wanted to create a new constitution that would increase her power and Hawaii's political power. American businessmen hatched a plan to overthrow her and they succeeded so in 1894, Sanford B. Dole was named president of the new Republic of Hawaii. This was a major event because it would later lead to Hawaii becoming the 50th state in the United States of America.

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Imperialism was a large event that mainly occurred in Europe. Almost every European country wanted more resources and more land, so they turned to Africa. The larger European countries did not want there to be a war over Africa so they arranged the Berlin Conference to decide how Africa would be split up. Ethiopia did not want foreigners coming into their country so they signed a treaty with Italy and when Ethiopia realized what the treaty really was the declared war with Italy and successfully defended themselves. The Crimean War was a sign of the fall of the Ottomans and it was the first war that had female nurses and newspapers covering it. The Sepoy Mutiny was India's rebellion against the British and it showed that you cannot mess with someones religion if you want them to like you. When the U.S. took Hawaii they stripped the chain of islands of their rights. Hawaii was asked if they wanted to become a state they just all of a sudden were. Imperialism was a huge example of the hunger for power. The larger countries just wanted more and more without caring for the native people. Imperialism would lead to land disputes and fighting which would then lead to war.

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Before World war one started, there was a feud that had developed in the Balkans between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Austria wanted land from Serbia and once someone assassinated Austria's prince and wife, they attacked Serbia. This triggered many alliances like Russia going to help Serbia, France and Britain joining Russia, Germany attacking France and joining Austria. This ultimately started world war one.

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World War one was considered a "New War" because there was a lot of new technology and it was very new to everyone. There was experimental gas warfare, new guns, and new strategies. Also trench warfare developed. This was were soldiers would stay in divots in the ground for days occasionally shooting at the enemy. This was very bad and disease was prevalent.

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The U.S joining the war was a huge turning point in World War one. It was one of the reasons why  the Central Powers won. They joined the war because Germany was sinking all kinds of ships and at one point they sunk a British ship with multiple Americans on board. This was the last straw and this is when they joined the war
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Russia was a huge help in the war. They supplied millions of troops for the central powers and defended the eastern front. Later on Russia started to lose a lot of troops due to Germany and they had a total death toll of 4 million. The people of Russia were fed up with the war and marched the czars palace to leave. They set up a revolution and successfully left the war by a peace agreement with Germany.

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The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to end world war one. This treaty was put in place by the league of nations and put all the blame on Germany. This was a huge issue. It basically set Germany up for world war two. They had to pay for the war and give away their land to some countries. This cause the people to be mad and angry to Europe.

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World War one was ultimately caused by unstable nations in Europe. Once one feud broke out in the Balkans, the whole continent was at war. This war was a new type of war. New technology was experimented and tried which led to many more casualties. Also many countries experienced this war. Much of Europe and even the United States joined the war. Russia even left the war because of an outbreak in its home country. The war ultimately ended on bad ends. The treaty of Versailles was created but it was terrible and set Europe up for another World war. This was soon to come.

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World War One put a lot of pressure on Russia. They were there since the start and supplied many troops for the war. Soon, the causalities began to rise fast, and the people did not like this. When the death toll hit 5 million, the people were enraged, the war destroyed their economy, and their lives, so the people stormed the palace in Russia and forced the czar to step down. They saw this as a victory but then a provisional government was set up very quickly, who wanted to stay in the war. So later, the people stormed the palace again and successfully destroyed to government. They later signed a peace agreement with Germany and left WW1.

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The Bolsheviks were a more radical group of Charles Darwin ides. They devoted their lives to the group and they wanted change more than anyone. So when the provisional government  fails, they see this as an opportunity. They quickly take control of Russia and assume power. They are the ones who ended they war.

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After the Bolsheviks assumed control many people were unhappy with their new leadership. They wanted the czar back, because the Bolsheviks were so strict and they were unhappy. The people then made the white army, it was a mix of different groups who just wanted change in the authoritarian rule. They were going against Lenin's red army, which was very strong. The white army lost and had to succumb to Lenin's control.

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After a view years since the civil war Lenin grows old and fears he might be dead soon. he sets up an election where Stalin and Trotsky debated for power. Lenin warned the people and his government of Stalin's ways and to not let him in power, but when Lenin had a stroke and died, Stalin's friends that he placed in the government quickly elected him. Stalin now had the rule and exiled his opponent Trotsky.

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Since Stalin achieved control of Russia he made a lot of changes. Stalin made him self dictator of Russia, he set up propaganda and censorship, he made a private police, he segregated religions, he modified education and work, and much more. He even eliminated all threats to him that would threaten his leadership.
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The Russian revolution was caused by World War one.  The war brought many causalities to their country and the people of Russia were fed up. So the people  stormed the palace and destroyed their hierarchy of czars. This broken government allowed groups like the Bolsheviks to take control. They assumed control and quickly ended the war. Their leader Lenin was brought to rule and he made many changes. Soon the people disliked the Bolsheviks too. So they set up the white army, which was made of various different groups. The white and red armies fought in a civil war  but the red ended up winning. This ended their feud. Once Lenin started to grow old, he was on the brink of death. Russia then held and election, Stalin Versus Trotsky. Stalin won and quickly established is rule. he made many reforms and overall established a totalitarian state for himself.

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New Inventions Lead to a Better Economy.

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New Inventions Lead to a Better Economy.

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During the 20's, the economy thrived, this was mainly because of new inventions that were being created. the mass production of the automobile was a major factor. Half of America's families had owned a automobile and many more people would buy them. Another invention that was very helpful was the radio. Many families wanted to listen to the radio,so instead of buying a television, they bought a radio, which was cheaper. This really helped the economy.

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With all of these new inventions comes money. If the people wanted to buy these new, cool things, then they would have to have money. many people lacked money though so they went to credit. This was a form of money where you can buy now, and pay later. So when people bought cars, food, and technology with credit, they were giving themselves a lot of debt to pay off. This money in credit was given by the banks,so when they just kept giving money out, and they were not getting payed back, they were going broke. So many banks closed because credit destroyed their system.

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The stock markets with this new economy were flourishing. People were getting rich through stocks and everyone wanted to buy them, because the market was very high right now. Some people even thought to high, because weeks later, the stock market crashed. Thousands of people all over the world lost all their money though stocks and banks closed due to many people wanting their money from their savings. This was the final straw that led to the Great Depression that caused destruction all over the world.

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The Great Depression was a severe economic slump that came after the U.S. stock market crash.  Close to 9 million people lost the money in their savings accounts many people lost their jobs and their houses.  The Depression was major in the U.S. because it affected everyone but it also led to some economic changes that continue to help the U.S. today.
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The Munich Conference was a meeting in 1938 where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia as long as Czechoslovakia's new borders were respected. Britain and France gave in to Hitler to try to preserve peace but that was not going to happen. Less than six months after the meeting Hitler conquered Czechoslovakia and the march toward war had begun.

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After world war one economies flourished. This was mainly brought to the production of new inventions, that brought various markets to the economy. One of these was the automobile which everyone wanted. Another was the radio which was cheap and reliable. In order for people to obtain this they needed money, which people lacked a lot of. So credit soon came. this was where they would buy whatever they wanted, and they could pay later. This drained banks of money a later led to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. This was where the stock markets crashed and left thousands all of the world broke. The economy crashed and this caused the Great Depression. This led to an economic slump which caused millions to get fired and homeless. Later, during this depression Germany was a rising threat, and they were conquering other lands quickly. Britain wanted to keep peace so they established the Munich conference, where Germany could annex part of Czechoslovakia, but not all of it. Soon, Germany disobeyed these demand and World War Two was closer than ever.