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Pollution in the sea

The most important causes of pollution on the sea are:

Residual water: they proceed mainly from houses, shops and industries. Before being poured  to the sea they treated to remove the major contaminants, but it is usually not enough to purify them completely.

Toxic chemicals: It is the main cause of ocean pollution. Chemical substances come mostly from industrial activities and directly affect the health of marine and terrestrial beings.

Rainwater: They are used in growing areas and usually contain herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers that will end up seeping into groundwater and rivers to finally end up in the sea.

The dumping of plastics: Plastics can take between 150 and 1000 years to degrade. All plastic waste dumped into the sea directly affects marine fauna, since they mistake this waste for food or get trapped.

Plastics that are dumped into the sea can be divided into macroplastics (bottles, bags or all those objects larger than 5mm), microplastics and nanoplastics (tiny spheres found in some cosmetic products).

Oil spills: As a general rule, these spills are usually accidents, but this does not reduce the damage it causes to living beings in the area.

Mining activity in the high seas: It causes acoustic pollution in the sea, harming the species that are most sensitive to acoustic waves, since they can confuse and disorient them.

Climate change: It is not a directly polluting factor, but it does influence the ocean. The increase in temperatures causes the thawing of the poles, the increase in sea level and its temperature, modifies the migratory routes of the species and can even acidify it.

All these substances cause a great environmental impact that damages the biodiversity of the oceans, but the truth is that they also harm public health. Many of the polluting substances dumped into the sea end up being ingested by marine species that will later be consumed by people. Pollution becomes a wheel that gradually destroys everything it touches.

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Global warming
This environmental problem is practically is the increase in the temperature of the earth, which is reflected in the oceans and the atmosphere, mainly caused by the emission of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity.
If we continue making damage to our earth the global warming will be mor bad as it is right now.
But if we make some things all together we can make a change only with all together as a planet.

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Right now i will give some solutions to help with this issue
1) We can start helping if we change the lights of our houses, this because some light bulbs they consume a lot of electricity and if we change this we can reduce the use of fossil fuels.
2)If we reduce the use of the cars we can helo the planet because this helps to reduce the use of fossil fuels.
3)If we start planting trees in zones were there are not many trees we can help to make more Oxygen
4)We can help if when we don't use the electrodomestics or the lights or anything that needs electricity in our houses, we can help turning off the devices to reduce the excessive use of energy.
5)if we start to reduce the use of air conditioning and heating
It is better to opt for more ecological solutions to heat or cool the house, depending on the season, from using more blankets to opening all the windows well. In this way, the consumption of energies that pollute the environment with greenhouse gases that increase global warming is greatly reduced. 900 kilos of CO2 can be saved per year.
6)if we start avoiding wrappers
Although it is difficult to do without them completely, the packaging of commercial products is one of the main sources of plastics and cardboard. It is advisable to buy those that have few packaging or are of recycled origin and that we recycle those that reach our hands. 545 kilos of CO2 can be saved by just reducing 10% of our garbage, such as packaging.
7)We can help if we can start using less hot water
Although in winter it is somewhat more difficult, it is necessary to use less hot water because heating it consumes a lot of energy. By using a low pressure shower or by opening the hot water tap slightly, you can save up to 3 tons of CO2 per year. On the other hand, it is easier to apply it in the washing machine, since washing clothes with cold or warm water saves 225 kilos of CO2.

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Next I will say 5 things which are very important for the care of the planet, and these should be applied everywhere and to all people
1) If we educate people how to treat the planet, what to do with our waste, and all that we can have a more caring environment and this problem would decrease a lot.
2) We can also start to help by starting with reducing water consumption and so we can teach that they can
avoid unnecessary water costs. Only if we teach people to keep the shower open for only the necessary time, do not leave the tap open while you brush your teeth or shave and do not throw any type of garbage into the sea, rivers or lakes.
3) If we start to teach the use of transport, for example, moderate the use of the vehicle, and make efficient use of it, or also like this Do not accelerate when the vehicle is not in motion Reduce the consumption of air conditioning, apart that it would save us a lot of money on gasoline and help the planet.

4. We all know that paper is essential but because we did not begin to teach about Usod recycled paper, this helps us reduce paper consumption. Use the leaves on both sides. Make only the photocopies or print what is exclusively necessary, this would save many trees.
5) And the last but the most important to my liking, would be for the government to make programs to care for the environment, if they do that, people will understand in a better way why it is important to take care of the planet.

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Biodiversity loss

All the causes of pollution of the seas and oceans mentioned above affect the loss of biodiversity, in this case we are talking about aquatic species that live in our seas and oceans, which is why it turns out to be the main and most serious effect of marine pollution. . Many of these species are very important, either because they are great predators, or because they play a key role in the ecological system of the area, such as sea otters.

Eutrophication

Depending on the type of substance thrown into the water, especially from industrial and agricultural activities, there may be large peaks of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates that will cause uncontrolled growth of algae and bacteria colonies, leading to eutrophication of the waters. . This process implies that, due to the great abundance of plant matter, all the oxygen in the water is consumed and the light coming from the surface is blocked, thus preventing any organism that depends on oxygen or light to grow from living.

Large masses of plastics

This situation occurs due to ocean gyrations that cause the discarded plastic to accumulate on the surface. Signs of this process can already be seen, such as the great sea of ​​plastic that has formed in the Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and California, and that currently reaches an area equivalent to France, Germany and Spain together. It is an area with 10 kilograms of plastic per kilometer, with a total weight of more than 80,000 tons.

In addition, there are more cases like this around the world, such as the recent great patch of garbage in the Pacific, known as the plastic island, discovered in the North Atlantic in 2010.

Decrease in oxygen and acidification of the waters

Increases in water temperature cause a decrease in the oxygen available in the marine environment. A very visible example of this process is that of coral reefs, which are dying faster every day, leaving a large number of species without habitat.

In addition, there is another problem caused by human activities, caused by the excess carbon dioxide (CO2) that we emit. This process is called acidification of the oceans, and it is a change in the pH of the water that is directly linked to the excessive absorption of CO2.

Death and physiological changes in aquatic organisms

Sewage and rainwater are the main cause of death or physiological alteration of marine living beings such as fish. This is due to the fact that products such as herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and even the remains of anti-inflammatory drugs (they are not treated in treatment plants), cause alterations in the endocrine system, in the liver, even in the reproductive system of fish. and mammals.

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Solutions

1. Use less plastic products

Plastic is one of the main threats to the ocean. In order not to pollute the sea, you can stop using pet bottles and replace them with thermos, and use cloth bags to transport your purchases.

2. Make sustainable purchases of seafood

Many species are being depleted due to demand and poor fishing practices. It is important to look for brands or businesses that sell certified marine products with sustainable practices.

3. Use biodegradable products on the beaches

There are biodegradable sunscreen and sunscreen that do not harm marine species; try to buy these types of products, which indicate on the label that they are friendly with the environment and with which you will ensure that you do not pollute the sea.

4. Don't litter the beaches

During your vacations it is important to take care of the waste you generate and not wait for someone else to take care of it. Show your culture of respect for the environment and, if you find any rubbish on your way, you can help to collect it. With this simple action you will be helping to reduce the presence of waste in the water and avoid the consequences of contamination.

5. Travel the sea responsibly

If you practice sports such as kayaking or other activities that are carried out in the water, do not throw anything overboard and be aware of the marine life that inhabits the waters that surround you. If you are planning to cruise, choose the option that is most environmentally friendly.

6. Do not buy products that affect marine life

Avoid buying products that harm the marine ecosystem, such as coral or shell jewelry or accessories made from hawksbill or shark turtles. A good way to avoid polluting the sea is to avoid buying products that come from it.

7. Reduces CO2 emissions and energy consumption

The effects of climate change on the oceans can be reduced by reducing CO2 emissions with small actions such as stopping or reducing use of the car, switching to compact fluorescent light bulbs, turning off the light, etc.

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Contamination in soils
Introduction

When we talk about pollution we tend to look up, but this problem does not only affect our skies. The soils, which host the crops of fruits, vegetables or vegetables, also suffer the consequences and their effects reach us through, for example, the aforementioned foods. The time has come to take care of the earth that lies beneath our feet!

The earth's surface is the skin of the planet, a cloak full of scars, ancient wrinkles and more recent wounds caused by both man and nature itself. Some of these ulcers are incurable - such as the extinction of species -, others compromise health and food security, and all of them threaten the well-being of 3.2 billion people in the world, as the latest report on soil contamination from the Platform warns. Intergovernmental Scientific-Normative on Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).

WHAT IS SOIL POLLUTION

This invisible evil appears when the concentration of pollutants on the surface is so high that it damages the biodiversity of the soil and puts our health at risk through, above all, food. Precisely activities such as intensive livestock and agriculture often use drugs, pesticides and fertilizers that contaminate the fields, as is the case with heavy metals and other chemicals of natural or anthropogenic origin.

Soil pollution is an especially serious global threat in regions such as Europe, Eurasia, Asia and North Africa, as revealed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This international body also ensures that intense or moderate degradation already affects a third of the world's soil, and its recovery is so slow that it would take 1,000 years to create 1 centimeter of topsoil.

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CAUSES AND TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION

Phenomena such as erosion, loss of organic carbon, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination are the main responsible for the current deterioration of the soil. In addition, the FAO differentiates between these two types of soil contamination:

CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL POLLUTION

The toxic substances that are deposited on the earth's surface harm our health and well-being, as well as the quality of food, water and air. Below, we detail the most relevant effects according to IPBES and FAO:

Damage to health

Pollutants from the earth pass into our body through the food chain, causing the appearance of diseases. Furthermore, the spread of antibiotics through the environment favors the resistance of pathogens to these drugs

Worst crops

Soil pollution agents compromise the food security of the world's population by reducing the quantity and quality of crops.

Climate change

Soil degradation released between 3,600 and 4,400 million tons of CO2 annually into the atmosphere in the first decade of the 21st century.

Water and air pollution

The deterioration of the land surface affects the quality of water and air, especially in developing countries.

Population displacements

Soil degradation and climate change will force between 50 and 700 million people to emigrate by 2050.

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SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE SOIL POLLUTION

Soil degradation is a complex problem that requires joint action by governments, institutions, communities and individuals. Here are some of the things we can do to improve your health:

Consume sustainable food, properly recycle batteries, do home composting or dispose of drugs in the places authorized for it.

Encourage a more ecological model of industry, agriculture and livestock, among other economic activities.

Improve urban planning in cities and transport, as well as wastewater treatment.

Reform the management of mining waste, restore the topography and conserve the topsoil.

Include local communities and indigenous peoples in the design, implementation and evaluation of sustainable soil management.

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Non-renewable or conventional energies are those energy sources that are found in nature in limited quantities, which once consumed in their entirety, cannot be replaced 1, since there is no economically viable production or extraction system. There are two classes of this type of energy:

1. Fossil fuels.
2.Nuclear fuels

3 main disadvantages of non-renewable energy:

1. They are limited. They come from scarce resources and that, many of them, are coming to an end.
2. They are polluting and have caused serious disasters in the climate and in history, such as nuclear energy and the Chernobyl disaster.
3. They are more expensive. Technology has not been improved in decades causing their efficiency to be questioned and they are no longer profitable.

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Non-renewable resource problems

* Resource depletion: fossil fuels have a limited life. In some cases, they are shortened by a few years, so it is extremely important to look for alternatives to these options.

* Supply difficulty, directly related to the previous point. The decrease in resources will cause serious difficulties in the supply of energy in the medium term. In addition, the armed conflicts generated by energy sources, such as oil, make them become strategic issues in the world economy.

* Energy dependence: with the current energy production system almost exclusively dependent on fossil fuels. That is why adequate, profitable and non-dangerous energy alternatives for health and the environment must be considered. Hence, the development of renewable energies is considered a primary objective.
* Environmental pollution: in the exploitation of mineral deposits, water and soil contamination occurs. Once the fuel is extracted, its transportation entails greenhouse effect emissions and direct impacts on nature (gas pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.). Power generation requires a combustion process that produces greenhouse gas emissions (see section “Climate Change”), such as CO2, NOx, SOx, VOCs, suspended particles, etc.

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Alternative energy is synonymous with clean energy, green energy or renewable energy. Alternatives are all those that come from natural resources and inexhaustible sources, all those that, when produced, do not pollute.

1. Solar energy, as its name suggests, is what we get from the sun. We can distinguish between photovoltaic solar energy, which is the best known and that obtained from solar panels. These absorb solar radiation and transform it into electricity, which can be stored in batteries or injected into the electricity grid to obtain surpluses.

2. Wind power uses the force of the wind to generate electricity. Windmills or turbines are organized in wind farms, located in places where the incidence of the wind is greater. These are connected to generators that transform energy into electricity when the wind spins their blades.

3. Hydraulic or hydroelectric energy is another of the best known renewable energies. This type of energy is generated thanks to the force of water in its course, which is why hydroelectric plants are usually located next to dams and rivers.

4. The energy of the sea, also known as tidal or wave energy (depending on whether the force of the tides or waves is used respectively) refers to the production of electrical energy thanks to the force and movements of the sea. . .

5. Geothermal energy is that which takes advantage of the high temperatures of the reservoirs under the earth's surface (generally volcanic) for the generation of energy through heat, since they are generally at 100 or 150 degrees Celsius.

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To summarize the evidence of acute health effects from exposure to particulate matter and ozone. A meta-analysis was performed using random effect models, to summarize the health effects of pollution, published in major international and Mexican journals up to June 2000. Results. Results were given as percent increase in ten units of PM10 (µg/m3) and ozone (ppb). PM10 was found to have an effect on mortality (0.96%), hospital admissions (1.39%), emergency room visits (3.11%), respiratory symptoms (7.72%), pulmonary forced vital capacity (1.42%), and restricted activity days (7.74%). Ozone effects were equally significant. Conclusions. These findings can show the great impact that air pollutants may have on the health of populations living in large metropolis.