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Leonardo da Vinci makes first conceptual sketches of submarine.

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Spanish Engineer and sailor Isaac Peral builds first electric battery powered submarine Peral.

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1988 - 2002 Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) Littoral Submarine

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1988 - 2002 Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) Littoral Submarine

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1988 - HSwMS Näcken becomes first submarine fitted with Stirling AIP.
1999 - Agosta 90B Class submarine is fitted with  MESMA AIP system.
2002 - Type 212 is first submarine built with fuel cells AIP system.

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First periscope is introduced on French submarine Le Gymnote by Arthur Krebs.

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US Navy builds USS Skipjack, which combines hydrodynamic hull design of USS Albacore and PWR nuclear power plant of USS Nautilus.

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To maximise submerged performance US Navy builds USS Albacore with experimental tear-drop hull form, and single large diameter propeller.

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In response to invention of RADAR, German submarine designers build first submarine optimised for submerged performance. They build Type 21 U-boat that has streamlined hull for minimal underwater drag and  introduce air snorkel for operating diesel engines underwater.

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In response to heavy loses of British shipping from German submarines, British invent active underwater sound detection apparatus - a predecesor to modern SONAR. SONAR later will enable modern submarines to engage with enemy submarines below periscope depth.

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British D-Class become first Oceangoing submarines capable of significant operation beyond coastal waters enabling patrols.

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Robert Whitehead perfects Austro-Hungarian invention of remotely steered explosive. He creates first self-propelled torpedo.

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Swede Thorsten Nordenfelt builds first submarines capable firing self-propelled torpedoes whilst submerged.

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Frenchman Maxime Laubeuf designs Narval , which becomes first double hull submarine with external ballast tanks and seperate optimised power plants for submerged and surface operations.

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During American Civil War Confederate's submarine H.L Hunley performs first successful sinking of an enemy vessel in a combat using explosive attached to a spear. However, submarine itself becomes casualty due to its proximity to the blast.

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French submarine Le Plongeur becomes the first mechanically powered submarine in the world. Le Plonguer inspires Jules Verne to write 20,000 leagues under the sea.

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25 years later Robert Fulton constructs Nautilus to French Navy for planting explosives underneath British sloops. He refers to these devices as torpedoes.  With Nautilus Fulton pioneers all-metal streamlined hull form, water ballasting system, diving planes and single propeller at the stern

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American David Bushnell has a daring idea to break the British blockade in New York harbour by placing explosives underneath British ships using a submarine. He builds Turtle.

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Hired by Royal Navy the Dutch Inventor Cornelis Van Drebbel builds and tests unedrwater row boat using William Bourne's design.

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Greek philosopher Aristotle describes the first diving bell. According to the legend Alexander the Great was the first man to be lowered in diving bell, which was made from glass.

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The Athenians used freedivers to breach harbour booms at Syracuse during the Peloponnesian war.

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Irishman John Philip Holland designs and builds first practical submarine torpedo boat powered with Internal Combustion Engine on the surface and with electric battery power underwater.

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US Navy builds USS Nautilus to investigate how Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear propulsion plant stood up to service at sea.

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USS George Washington becomes world's first ballistic missile submarine.