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Germany, Sweden, Ireland, Canada

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Why There Isn't an Easy Solution

The epic challenge of the 21st century is filling the gap between energy supply and demand with clean, reliable and inexpensive energy. While new sources of energy are gradually changing the landscape, products made from fossil fuels continue to heat our homes, fuel our cars and power our computers. Despite extraordinary advances in technology, rapid economic growth in countries like China and India will require more energy. Some solutions are being implemented today, but many will come from the next generation of entrepreneurs, engineers and scientists. In order to rise to this grand challenge, we must consider the following issues.

Encouraging Growth of Alternative Energy Sources

Research at companies, universities and national laboratories are pioneering technologies that will aim to be sustainable and economically competitive with today's fossil fuels. While wind, solar and biofuels appear to be among the most promising, significant breakthroughs are still required to make them viable sources of future energy supply. The wind blows where and when it wants. Similarly, the sun only shines during the day and is most intense in sparsely populated areas. How do we effectively transport this energy from such remote areas to big cities? How can we efficiently store energy generated during the day for use in homes at night? The challenge will be to bridge these supply limitations with a 24-hour demand for electricity throughout the world. This means making our electricity grid more efficient and streamlined while developing storage systems to allow wind and solar energy to be saved for times of peak use.

Another source of future alternative energy may come from the world's vast reserves of natural gas. Currently, much of our electricity comes from burning coal in power plants, releasing large quantities of carbon dioxide and other gases. Despite advancements in "clean coal" technology, alternatives to coal will surely be part of tomorrow's solution. New technologies are beginning to unlock vast reservoirs of natural gas in North America, making it both a cheap and clean alternative to coal. Natural gas is also more easily transportable over long distances and releases less pollutants for the same amount of energy produced.

It is likely that meeting tomorrow's energy needs will require not just one but all of these alternatives working alongside traditional fossil fuels.

New Transportation Technologies

A large portion of the oil produced globally is directly processed into transportation fuels like gasoline and diesel. These fuels dominate the transportation industry because they combine reliability, affordability and performance. But, large swings in gasoline prices at the pump during the past few years are growing symptoms of this century's energy challenge. In order to meet surging demand over the next 50 years, alternatives to these transportation technologies are vital.

Among the alternatives being considered is equipping vehicles with the ability to consume clean and affordable natural gas. Already a proven technology, many challenges still remain-pipelines, service stations, and vehicles must all be adapted to accommodate the fuel. It will also be important to develop cutting-edge electric cars to offset the demand for gasoline and diesel fuel. Eventually, refueling your car may be as easy as plugging it into to an electrical outlet in your garage. On the distant frontier of alternative transportation technologies are novel ideas such as the use of algae or other micro-organisms to convert the sun's energy into liquid fuel that can be used like oil. Another emerging technology involves hydrogen-powered cars that transform hydrogen into electricity. The major promise of this technology is that water is the only waste product released. Scientific breakthroughs in these areas are still required to make these technologies competitive with today's fuels.

Reducing Environmental Impact

Already great strides have been made to ensure that oil and gas producers make as little impact as possible on the natural environments in which they operate. This includes drilling multiple wells from a single location or pad to minimize damages to the surface, employing environmentally sound chemicals to stimulate well production, and ensuring a seamless transition from the wellhead to the consumer.

Another major environmental obstacle to low-impact fossil fuel production is the highly intensive process of mining coal. Currently, coal-powered plants are one of the largest sources of electricity in the world. The transition to cleaner sources of energy such as wind, solar and natural gas will reduce the impact of coal production on the environment.

Substantial work will be required to address the impact of oil and gas consumption, notably the emission of carbon dioxide as a major byproduct. Among the proposed solutions to this problem is the sequestration, or storage, of carbon dioxide in old oil and gas fields. Storage of carbon dioxide from power plants and other industrial facilities would require collecting and processing the gas, compressing it to high pressures, and then injecting it into the small spaces between rock grains deep below the surface. Here, the key challenge is capturing and storing the CO2 emissions on a sustainable scale. Can we store enough CO2 to realize a meaningful reduction in emissions released to the environment? How do we best collect CO2 released as a byproduct of various industrial processes? Can we do this in a reliable and cheap manner? How do we ensure that once it is stored, it will not be released into the atmosphere again? Ultimately, reducing emissions will require storing carbon dioxide, developing new alternative sources of energy and, perhaps most importantly, using less.

Increasing Energy Efficiency

Meeting energy demand over the next century will require not just producing more, but also using what we do produce more efficiently while supplying consumers with affordable energy to allow them to maintain a comfortable standard of living. New technologies and new cultural habits will be needed. Electricity generated on the wind-swept prairies of Texas and sun-laden deserts of Arizona must be carried efficiently to houses and businesses in New York and Chicago. Doing so remains difficult, since a large portion of useable electricity is lost to heat as it travels long distances through wires and cables. The red-hot wires you see heating your toast in the morning have been designed specifically to use the resistive heat generated by the movement of electrons. But, if the objective is to move electricity over large distances efficiently, this loss of energy is undesirable. By improving efficiency, less total energy will be needed to power everything we use. Accordingly, scientists and engineers are working to streamline the electricity grid, modernizing transmission cables with new materials that allow electrons to move more easily, producing less waste.

Another energy-saving efficiency can be found in hybrid cars. These cars capture a portion of the energy traditionally wasted as heat from friction between the tires and brakes. When you rub your hands together really fast, the heat you feel is created by friction. This same effect occurs when the brakes on your car slow the rotating wheels-the energy used to move the wheel is converted into heat. In hybrid cars, this contact recycles some of that wasted energy into electricity that can then offset some of the gasoline used in the car's engine.

Becoming more energy efficient will also require us to change how our buildings are made, how we heat our homes, and how we light our classrooms. For example, when coal is burned in a power plant, the energy released is used to superheat water, just as you would boil a pot of water on your stove. The process creates very hot and high-pressure steam that then pushes a propeller. The spinning motion of this propeller turns a large magnet that generates an electrical current that is then transmitted to your home. But that steam at the power plant is still very hot after it has been used to create electricity. Rather than letting this heat escape as wasted energy, it is possible to send the steam out to homes and buildings to provide warmth on cold winter days. This process, called "combined heat and power," will require us to rethink the ways in which we live and work, making our cities and buildings more connected.

Energy efficiency is also being explored in other areas as well. If you have ever been in a car on a sunny day without the air-conditioning on, you know it can become very hot and uncomfortable. By redesigning our homes and buildings, this energy from the sun could be captured to heat rooms or the water we use in our showers and kitchens. We can use less energy by making even the simplest things more efficient-from our light bulbs to our cars, from our home air conditioners to our computers. Engineers will continue to be on the forefront of such innovation, helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and impact on the environment.

Recruiting the Next Generation of Engineers and Scientists

Over the next 10 years, a large number of people in the energy industry will retire. But their retirement will not lessen the growing demand for affordable, reliable and clean energy. Accordingly, new engineers and scientists will be needed in every discipline. This new wave of young minds will have to take on larger roles and bigger projects earlier in their careers than their predecessors, making the transfer of knowledge and ideas from one generation to the next a top priority in the coming years.

Energy Sustainability: Will We Run Out of Fossil Fuels?

Most of the world's energy needs are met through fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, and demand for this energy is projected to increase. While there is enough supply for several more decades, what will happen when it starts running low? How will we keep the air clean with increased usage? There are ways to reduce waste and use existing technologies to keep the air cleaner by reducing fossil fuels emissions. Options like these are part of a concept called energy sustainability.

Energy sustainability is about finding the balance between a growing economy, the need for environmental protection and social responsibilities in order to provide an improved quality of life for current and future generations. In short, it is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future.

Energy sustainability can inspire technical innovation with an environmentally conscious mindset. Regulations designed to reduce air, water and waste emissions from energy-related activities such as coal mining and electricity generation also help with energy sustainability, as do people who conserve energy.

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The epic challenge of the 21st century is filling the gap between energy supply and demand with clean, reliable and inexpensive energy. While new sources of energy are gradually changing the landscape, products made from fossil fuels continue to heat our homes, fuel our cars and power our computers.

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Examples: India, Peru, the Phillipines

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Key to Balancing. We need to come up with ways to balance the fuel m

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a. Average income per capita of the population is generally high.
b. Education level of high average population.
c. Life expectancy of the population average height.
d. Population growth rate per year is relatively small.
e. The death rate per year is relatively small population.
f. Life-style market economy.
g. His wide and varied field.
h. Economic activity in most industry sectors, as well as export commodities.
i. The majority of the population lives in cities.
j. Relatively high level of population health.

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A developed country, or high-income country,[3][4] is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are the gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.[5] Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. Different definitions of developed countries are provided by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; moreover, HDI ranking is used to reflect the composite index of life expectancy, education, and income per capita. Another commonly used measure of a developed country is the threshold of GDP (PPP) per capita of at least US$22,000. In 2023, 40 countries fit all four criteria, while an additional 15 countries fit three out of four.

Developed countries ( IMF)

World map showing country classifications per the IMF[1] and the UN[2] (last updated April 2023). "Developed economies" according to this classification scheme are shown in blue. The map does not include classifications by the World Bank.

Developed countries have generally more advanced post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted with developing countries, which are in the process of industrialisation or are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian, some of which might fall into the category of Least Developed Countries. As of 2023, advanced economies comprise 57.3% of global GDP based on nominal values and 41.1% of global GDP based on purchasing-power parity (PPP) according to the IMF.[6]

UNCTAD members classifications

List B, consisting predominantly of developed countries

Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is the income per capita; countries with the high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would thus be described as developed countries. Another economic criterion is industrialisation; countries in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate would thus be described as developed. More recently, another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HDI) rating. The index, however, does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most advanced countries, such as the G7 members and others.[7][8]

According to the United Nations Statistics Division:

There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system.[9]

And it notes that:

The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.[10]

Nevertheless, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development considers that this categorization can continue to be applied:

The developed economies broadly comprise Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan and the Republic of Korea, as well as Australia and New Zealand.[11]

Terms linked to the concept developed country include "advanced country", "industrialized country", "more developed country" (MDC), "more economically developed country" (MEDC), " Global North country", " first world country", and "post-industrial country". The term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous, as industrialisation is an ongoing process that is hard to define. The first industrialized country was the United Kingdom, followed by Belgium. Later it spread further to Germany, United States, France and other Western European countries. According to some economists such as Jeffrey Sachs, however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century.[12]

Mathis Wackernagel calls the binary labeling of countries as "neither descriptive nor explanatory. It is merely a thoughtless and destructive endorsement of GDP fetish. In reality, there are not two types of countries, but over 200 countries, all faced with the same laws of nature, yet each with unique features."

A 2021 analysis proposes the term emerged to describe markets, economies, or countries that have graduated from emerging market status, but have not yet reached the level equivalent to developed countries.[14] Multinational corporations from these emerging markets present unique patterns of overseas expansion and knowledge acquisition from foreign countries.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The world map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2021 data, published in 2022)

World map of countries or territories by Human Development Index scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2021 data, published in 2022)

The UN HDI is a statistical measure that gauges an economy's level of human development. While there is a strong correlation between having a high HDI score and being a prosperous economy, the UN points out that the HDI accounts for more than income or productivity. Unlike GDP per capita or per capita income, the HDI takes into account how income is turned "into education and health opportunities and therefore into higher levels of human development."

Since 1990, Norway (2001-2006, 2009-2019), Japan (1990-1991 and 1993), Canada (1992 and 1994-2000) and Iceland (2007-2008) have had the highest HDI score.

The following countries in the year 2022 are considered to be of "very high human development":[15]

High-income OECD members

According to the World Bank, the following 34 members are classified as "OECD High-Income":[16][17]

26 countries in Europe:

three countries in the Americas:

three countries in Asia:

two countries in Oceania:

Member nations of the Development Assistance Committee

There are 29 OECD member countries and the European Union-in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC),[18] a group of the world's major donor countries that discusses issues surrounding development aid and poverty reduction in developing countries.[19] The following OECD member countries are DAC members:

23 countries in Europe:

two countries in the Americas:

two countries in Asia:

two countries in Oceania:

Countries described as Advanced Economies by the IMF

According to the International Monetary Fund, 41 countries and territories are officially listed as "advanced economies",[1][20] with the addition of 7 microstates and dependencies modified by the CIA which were omitted from the IMF version:[21]

29 countries and dependencies in Europe classified by the IMF, 6 others given by the CIA:

seven countries and territories in Asia:

three countries and territories in the Americas classified by the IMF, one territory given by the CIA :

two countries in Oceania:

d The CIA has modified an older version of the IMF's list of 38 Advanced Economies, noting that the IMF's Advanced Economies list "would presumably also cover the following nine smaller countries of Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Holy See, Jersey, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino[...]". San Marino (2012) and Andorra (2021) were later included in the IMF's list.[21]

Permanent members of the Paris Club

There are 22 permanent members in the Paris Club ( French: Club de Paris), a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.

15 countries in Europe:

three countries in the Americas:

three countries in Asia:

one country in Oceania:

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A developed country, or high-income country,[3] [4] is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly).

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a country having a standard of living or level of industrial production well below that possible with financial or technical aid; a country that is not yet highly industrialized.

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Characteristics of Developed countries and examples

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Characteristics of Developed countries and examples

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Characteristics of Developing countries and examples

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Characteristics of Developing countries and examples

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Characteristics of Emerging countries and examples

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Characteristics of Emerging countries and examples