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Coming into this class I did not really know what to expect. But, over the course of this semester I gained a better understanding of what feminism really means and some of the examples in the world today. After given the first Padlet assignment, I thought it would be difficult because I did not know what the concept of feminism really meant. After doing the first one, I realized that the assignment was very simple and it engaged me in the topic. The process of constructing my Padlet was very simple. It was very easy providing examples because of our textbooks and the internet. The most difficult part was trying to find a simple definition for the word that related to our class. With feminism, there are many different definitions because of different opinions.

Collecting those artifacts did lead to a deeper understanding of the concepts because when first introduced to them, I had no clue what they meant. With the examples of other people’s Padlets, it helped me gain a better understanding. I am glad we had these assignments because it helped me figure out definitions in ways that I will remember them, and it was fun to provide my own examples. With this assignment, I am more aware of what is happening around me every day involving feminism.

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I think praxis means feeling very strongly about something you believe in and acting upon it. For example, all the activist organizations. Three of my examples are all in the same general time period but show many examples of Feminist Praxis. The first picture is the photo of the women standing in front of the White House holding up signs. This shows praxis because these women believe in equal rights for women and they are taking action and standing up for what they believe in. The next photo is the Suffragist parade. A large group of women who believe in the same thing are making awareness for the issue by walking in a parade. The third picture is the cover of the movie, "Iron Jawed Angels". This movie showed multiple examples of Praxis. Almost everything the girls in the movie did showed awareness and them taking action for women's rights.

The next example I had is the link to the Black Lives Matter website. This is a campaign against black violence and systematic racism towards black men AND women. Although this is not very feministic, it does show a group of people taking action for something they believe in. The final example is the website for National Organization for Women. This is probably the most known activist organization for women. The organization use multi-strategies towards women's rights, like abortion/reproductive rights, voting rights, etc. It also works to get rid of discrimination, promote equality, and end forms of violence against women.

All of these examples show that feminist praxis can take place anywhere and that there are organizations for it.

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For the first time in nearly four decades, the House Judiciary Committee will hold an official hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). This exciting development exemplifies the growing momentum behind finally ratifying the ERA in the Constitution. The hearing will be held Tuesday, April 30, 2019, at 10:00 a.m in room 2141 of the Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515.

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Before discussing what intersectionality was in class or doing some research for this Padlet, I did not really know what it actually meant. Now, I know that it means the overlapping of social categories. In the first Padlet, I posted the picture "We Can Do It" representing the feminist view in the 1920s when women's right did not exist. Now in this Padlet I posted one similar but it states, "We All Can Do It!". I think this photo is pretty powerful in a way that it describes intersectionality and the equal rights of all races of women, not just whites. The first picture I posted in this Padelet was the different areas of intersectionality. Like I mentioned there are many areas that intersect to show intersectionality and that picture shows that.
The next thing I posted was an article about intersex. In this article the author describes a situation where she was hired over a white girl at a place in Miami because she was a Latino woman who could speak Spanish. This example shows how intersex plays a role in our daily lives. It can affect getting into a school, getting a job, or even buying a home. The next article is about a black, lesbian girl who went to a clinic to get tested for HIV. The doctors automatically assumed she was heterosexual and assumed she was more at risk because she was a black women. Intersectional discrimination is very popular in today's world even though we may not see it all the time.
The last thing I posted was a video describing intersectionality. This video really helped me understand the true meaning. They showed an example of a low income, disabled boy, a black woman from Nigeria, and an upper class, white woman. They explained how each of these received discrimination because of the areas they are in or from. Doing this Padlet really helped me understand and recognize intersectionality in today's world.

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Public housing tenants in Baltimore who alleged they were sexually harassed and abused by maintenance workers will share up to $8 million in a settlement of a

"When you're talking about racism, the default assumption is that you're talking about a black man," says Eden, a peer navigator for the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Community Center of Baltimore and Central Maryland.

Baltimore police routinely violated the constitutional rights of residents by conducting unlawful stops and using excessive force, according to the findings of a long-anticipated Justice Department probe to be released Wednesday.

The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of African American History and Culture is diving into current controversies raised by the Freddie Gray case in Baltimore, declaring 2016 the year of the black male and planning an exhibit on black-on-black crime

mary.mccauley@baltsun.com

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Public housing tenants in Baltimore who alleged they were sexually harassed and abused by maintenance workers will share up to $8 million in a settlement of a "When you're talking about racism, the default assumption is that you're talking about a black man," says Eden, a peer navigator for the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Community Center of Baltimore and Central Maryland.

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Intersectionality, a term receiving more attention in today's society, is at the root of many important issues. All of us have experienced intersectionality in our lives and may not have even known it. Many don't even know what it means to be intersectional - and I was one of them.

After hearing about intersectionality for the first time in a sociology class and doing some research, I realized that intersectionality is very much to blame for so many of the issues we have today.

According to an article published in 2012 by the University of California, intersectionality can be defined as the concept of interconnected nature of social aspects such as race, gender and class as they apply to an individual or group and how those aspects can put an individual or group at an advantage or disadvantage.

The intersectionality I experience growing up in Miami as a Hispanic female will be different from a white female living in Miami. For example, I can apply for the same job as a white female and have the same qualifications, but because I'm a hispanic female who speaks Spanish applying for a job in Miami, I may be deemed more qualified than the white female, even though the job may not require a Spanish-speaking person.

Intersectionality is possibly the reason why schools in low-funded areas have low graduation and high dropout rates as well. Children who live and grow up in low-income neighborhoods experience intersectionality constantly because of the environment they were raised in. Their education comes from low-graded schools and begin a continued trajectory of poor education and opportunities.

Yet for more fortunate children, the opportunities are endless. It's not fair that just because a child was born into an impoverished neighborhood, they are not offered the same opportunities as one from more prosperous surroundings.

It's not fair that some opportunities choose people, not for what they can do, but for where they came from and what they are.

Intersectionality should not define what kind of life and opportunities we are given. It's not fair that because someone is white, people automatically assume "white privilege" or that a male does not have to worry as much walking around alone at night just because he is a man.

We can't help what we were born into or the things that make us the people we are, but accepting people as they are and learning to adapt to the diversity that every type of person offers, is one way to eliminate intersectionality.

If everyone in the world were given an equal chance to be themselves without the repercussions of judgement, there would be more advantages than disadvantages, whether it is in the workforce, in school or even at home. Intersectionality only shies away from eliminating social stigma and re-enforces the stereotypes still present today.
DISCLAIMER: The opinions presented within this page do not represent the views of FIU Student Media Editorial Board. These views are separate from editorials and reflect individual perspectives of contributing writers and/or members of the University community.
Image retrieved from Flickr.

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Intersectionality is the root cause of social issues - PantherNOW

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Intersectionality, a term receiving more attention in today's society, is at the root of many important issues. All of us have experienced intersectionality in our lives and may not have even known it. Many don't even know what it means to be intersectional - and I was one of them.

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Privileges are benefits or advantages to people of a certain group. Privileges are given to everyone in different ways. The first example I used to show privilege is the news article where Hillary Clinton claims that Trump has more privileges over her. Although most would think she means gender privileges, she talked about upper-class privileges. Hillary claims she never grew up rich. Her family had to live the "American Dream", whereas Trump grew up as a millionaire. Now today, they both are very wealthy. They both use their upper-class privileges to help get more support for their presidential campaigns. The next article I added is about all the black privilege in the United States. Although blacks have had a rough past, today they have much more privilege than other countries. They have "Black History Month" and multiple organizations to be involved in. This article shows the prevalence of all the privilege people have.

The photo about educational privilege shows how even admissions into colleges/universities consider privilege. Some people who have alumni parents, are colored, or have a "good name" are more considered than those without those privileges. Everyone has certain privileges that can be used to help them in certain ways. The next photo shows a picture of a house that is under the sun and one under rain. This is another example of upper class versus lower class privilege. Not literally will that happen, but in the upper class you do not have to worry about walking around your neighborhood at night, or having enough food on the table every night. Whereas, being lower class comes with some disadvantages. This matches my view of privilege because some people do have more privilege than others, even though we all have it.

My final example is an example of oppression. In class we briefly discussed how blacks are stereotyped as the dominant athlete, and whites are found smarter. I found an article that also describes these stereotypes and why they are placed. In my life I have heard "he/she is good because they are black" or "he/she is just smart because they are Asian". In my opinion these stereotypes are pointless because the amount of hard work someone puts towards something, they will be successful.

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Before playing the Stanford team in the Final Four, UConn women's coach, Geno Auriemma, said people underestimated Stanford because they think white players are soft. More pointedly, he pointed out that his players, who are predominantly African-American, should be given the same respect for their discipline for which Stanford's team was praised. The coach was simply exposing stereotypes that have been around for a long time.

Black athletes are usually given credit for their "natural athleticism," while whites are credited for their "hard work," "discipline" and "knowledge of the game"; as if Black athletes are naturally given the gift of great athleticism, and white people become great athletes through hard work, discipline and intelligence.

Every Black athlete who is successful has worked very hard and is knowledgeable of their sport. Every white athlete who is successful has natural athletic ability.

The problem with stereotypes in sports is that they often lead to general stereotypes. If you say "white men can't jump," why not "Black men can't read defenses"? And if Black men can't read defenses, maybe they can't read books either?

Sports stereotypes have a real effect in the real world. Most employers are not concerned with employees' natural athletic abilities, so stereotypes of African-Americans being athletically superior for the most part do not help Blacks in the real world. However, the stereotypes of whites being hard working, disciplined and smart are helpful to them in finding employment.

One of the most prevalent stereotypes in sports is that of the Black quarterback. Both Rush Limbaugh and former sports commentator, Jimmy the Greek, have both caught flack for their philosophies on African-American quarterbacks. Jimmy's explanation of how blacks were bred for physical skill but whites were bred for intelligence was blatant racism, but there have been many more subtle ways at insinuating the same point.

Former NFL M.V.P. Steve McNair played for a small Black college because every major college recruited him to play defensive back rather than quarterback, his natural position. Many African-Americans are discouraged from playing quarterback and asked to play other positions in high school, college and the professional ranks. How many other black M.V.P.-caliber quarterbacks were forced to play other positions because coaches didn't feel Blacks made good quarterbacks?

Biological factors do not compel people from certain races to excel in certain sports. Cultural factors do. China produces a lot of good ping-pong players because ping-pong is part of Chinese culture. Kenya produces a lot of marathon winners because long distance running is part of their culture. Jamaica produces sprinters because track and field has become a strong part of their culture and national identity. Baseball has become a big part of Latin American culture and subsequently several of baseball's top players come from Latin America. Basketball is a big part of African-American culture, so a good deal of players in the NBA are African-American.

Sports stereotypes are made to be broken. Athletic basketball players are popping up all over the world from all different backgrounds, from Argentina to Turkey, from Kenya to China. Boxing, once a sport dominated by African -mericans, is now being dominated by boxers of other ethnicities from all around the world. Russians are dominating the heavyweight division, and a Philipino, Manny Pacqiao, will fight an Englishman, Ricky Hatton, for the title of best fighter, pound for pound (at least while Floyd Mayerweather is retired)

While no Black quarterback has won a Superbowl since Doug Williams proved Jimmy the Greek wrong in 1988, two of the last three Superbowl winning coaches have been African-American. This goes even further to disprove Jimmy the Greek's theory, given that African-Americans have excelled at coach, the most cerebral position of all.

Despite all the stereotypes of Black athlete not being intelligent or caring about their education, an African American, Myron Rolle has become the first major U.S. athlete to win the Rhodes Scholarship since Bill Bradley. He bypassed a career in the NFL to get an education from Oxford University, one of the world's most prestigious schools.
Read a Story on Myron Rolle, Rhodes Scholar
When stereotypes begin to insinuate that certain races have certain characteristics, whether they be positive or negative, they fall into the same racist generalizations that are at the root of racism and race-based discrimination.

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Athletic Blacks vs Smart Whites: Why Sports Stereotypes Are Wrong

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Before playing the Stanford team in the Final Four, UConn women's coach, Geno Auriemma, said people underestimated Stanford because they think white players are soft. More pointedly, he pointed out that his players, who are predominantly African-American, should be given the same respect for their discipline for which Stanford's team was praised.

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Following is a list of middle-to-upper class privileges. If you are a member of the middle class or upper class economic groups (or, in some cases, perceived to be) listed below are benefits that may be granted to you based on your group membership - benefits not granted to folks in the lower classes.

The goal of the list is to help folks who have access to these privileges be more cognizant of their privilege, encouraging better understanding of class-based difference in our society.

1. Politicians pay attention to your class, and fight for your vote in election seasons.

2. You can advocate for your class to politicians and not have to worry about being seen as looking for a handout.

3. You can readily find accurate (or non-caricatured) examples of members your class depicted in films, television, and other media.

4. New products are designed and marketed with your social class in mind.

5. If you see something advertised that you really want, you will buy it.

6. You can swear (or commit a crime) without people attributing it to the low morals of your class.

7. If you find yourself in a legally perilous situation, you can hire an attorney to ensure your case is heard justly.

8. You can talk with your mouth full and not have people attribute this to the uncivilized nature of your social class.

9. You can attend a "fancy" dinner without apprehension of doing something wrong or embarrassing the hosts.

10. You understand the difference between healthy and unhealthy food, and can choose to eat healthy food if you wish.

11. You can walk around your neighborhood at night without legitimate concern for your safety.

12. In the case of medical emergency, you won't have to decide against visiting a doctor or the hospital due to economic reasons.

13. You have visited a doctor for a "check-up."

14. Your eyesight, smile, and general health aren't inhibited by your income.

15. If you become sick, you can seek medical care immediately and not just "hope it goes away."

16. If you choose to wear hand-me-down or second-hand clothing, this won't be attributed to your social class, and may actually be considered stylish.

17. You can update your wardrobe with new clothes to match current styles and trends.

18. As a kid, you were able to participate in sports and other extracurricular activities (field trips, clubs, etc.) with school friends.

19. As a kid, your friends' parents allowed your friends to play and sleep over at your house.

20. You don't have to worry that teachers or employers will treat you poorly or have negative expectations of you because of your class.

21. The schools you went to as a kid had updated textbooks, computers, and a solid faculty.

22. Growing up, college was an expectation of you (whether you chose to go or not), not a lofty dream.

23. Your decision to go or not to go to college wasn't based entirely on financial determinants.

24. People aren't surprised if they realize you are intelligent, hard-working, or honest.

25. An annual raise in pay at your job is measured in dollars, not cents.

26. You've likely never looked into a paycheck advance business (e.g., "Check Into Cash"), and have definitely never used one.

27. You are never asked to speak for all members of your class.

28. Whenever you've moved out of your home it has been voluntary, and you had another home to move into.

29. It's your choice to own a reliable car or to choose other means of transportation.

30. Regardless of the season, you can count on being able to fall asleep in a room with a comfortable temperature.

31. When you flip a light switch in your house, you don't have to wonder if the light will come on (or if your utilities have been terminated).

32. People don't assume you've made an active choice to be in your social class, but instead assume you're working to improve it.

33. The "dream" of a house, a healthy family, and a solid career isn't a dream at all, but simply a plan.

34. People do not assume based on the dialect you grew up speaking that you are unintelligent or lazy.

35. When you choose to use variants of language (e.g., slang terms) people chalk them up to plasticity in the language (rather than assuming your particular dialectical variants deserve redicule and punishment).

36. [leave a comment below with another example!]

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30+ Examples of Middle-to-Upper Class Privilege - It's Pronounced Metrosexual

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Following is a list of middle-to-upper class privileges. If you are a member of the middle class or upper class economic groups (or, in some cases, perceived to be) listed below are benefits that may be granted to you based on your group membership - benefits not granted to folks in the lower classes.

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"In America you can't even talk about whiteness," said Drew Domalick, who lives in Green Bay, Wisconsin. "If you try to embrace being white, you are portrayed as being a racist. If we had a White History Month, that would be viewed as a racist holiday."

Domalick isn't the only one who believes in black privilege. The term is being deployed in conservative circles as a rhetorical counterattack to the growing use of the term "white privilege." It's part of a larger transformation: White is becoming the new black.

Google the phrase "black privilege," and one steps into a universe where whites struggle daily against the indignities heaped upon them because of their skin color. In books and articles such as "Black Skin Privilege and the American Dream," and "It's Past Time to Acknowledge Black Privilege," white commentators describe how blackness has become such a "tremendous asset" that some whites are now trying to "pass" as black.

If you're a skeptic, there's even a "Black Privilege Checklist" listing some of the perks blacks enjoy that whites cannot.

Blacks can belong to clubs and organizations that cater specifically to their race, but there's no National Association for the Advancement of White People because such a group would be deemed racist. Blacks can call white people "honky" and "cracker," but whites cannot use the N-word.

The concept of black privilege is still so new, though, that some of the nation's most acclaimed scholars on race didn't even know it existed. One giggled when she heard the phrase because she thought it was a joke. Others were bewildered; some became angry.

Count Peggy McIntosh as one of the angry. She is arguably more responsible for popularizing the concept of white privilege than anyone else. An activist and retired Wellesley College professor, her 1989 essay "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" has been widely reprinted and is now taught in many colleges. Her essay gives examples of what McIntosh calls white privilege ("I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured that I will not be followed or harassed; If a traffic cop pulls me over ... I can be sure I haven't been singled out because of my race").

McIntosh scoffed at the idea of black privilege.

"When you've had as much freedom to do what you want to do and think what you want and say what you want and act as you please, then you get irrationally rankled at having to curtail your life and your thought in any way," says McIntosh, who also founded the National SEED project, which helps teachers create courses that are more gender sensitive and multicultural.

She said the black privilege checklist sounds like a "prolonged whine" from people who resent being challenged about their white privilege.

Why it's good to be black

Black privilege may be new, but some of the rhetoric defending it is at least two centuries old. As far back as the late 19th century, whites were saying that blacks weren't so much victims of racism as they were victims of special treatment.

The 19th century U.S. Supreme Court echoed that thinking in one of its most infamous decisions. Congress had passed a sweeping Civil Rights Act in 1875 that banned discrimination against former slaves in public places. But the Supreme Court declared that act unconstitutional in 1883, a decision that sanctioned the rise of Jim Crow segregation and mob violence against blacks that would last a century.

In the high court's 1883 decision, Justice Joseph Bradley wrote in the majority opinion that there must come a time when blacks cease "to be the special favorite of the laws."

Over the years, that sentiment bubbled to the surface at various times as debates over "reverse racism" and affirmative action erupted. Yet something new is now happening. More whites have begun talking about themselves as a racially oppressed majority. In a widely publicized 2011 survey, white Americans said they suffer from racial discrimination more than blacks.

Where does this belief come from? The numbers don't appear to support it. Numerous studies and surveys show that blacks lag behind whites and other racial groups in many socioeconomic categories.

The wealth of white households is 13 times the median wealth of black households. Black children represent 18% of the nation's preschool enrollment but make up nearly half of all children with multiple suspensions. Job applicants with white-sounding names are 50% more likely to get called back for an interview than similarly qualified applicants with black-sounding names. And prison sentences for black men are nearly 20% longer than those of white men convicted for similar crimes.

Some say you don't even need numbers to dismiss black privilege. Use your eyes. If being black is such an asset, why do many whites consistently move out of communities -- neighborhoods, churches, schools -- when too many blacks move in? It's a phenomenon that sociologists have long documented and that some call "racial tipping."

Those who argue for the existence of black privilege, however, don't deny these grim numbers. They just don't blame racism for those racial disparities.

David Horowitz, author of the book, "Black Skin Privilege and the American Dream," says blacks are still more privileged, though they lag behind other racial groups in varying categories. It's not white privilege that's preventing them from doing better, he says; it's their behavior, such as their inability to build more intact families.

"The fact that white people are better off is not a privilege; it's earned," says Horowitz, founder of the David Horowitz Freedom Center, a think tank in Los Angeles created to combat "the efforts of the radical left and its Islamist allies to destroy American values."

Not all racial disparities are inherently racist, he says.

"If racial disparities prove discrimination, then the National Basketball Association is racist," Horowitz says. "Probably 90 percent of its players are black."

Black privilege is so pervasive that it's hard to miss, he says. College professors practicing "affirmative grading" hold black students to lower standards than others. Corporations offer programs and internships to black workers but not to whites.

Black privilege even extends to the White House, he says. Barack Obama was an inexperienced presidential candidate who was elected because Americans wanted to experience a post-racial sugar high, he says. "He wouldn't be elected dogcatcher if he wasn't black," Horowitz says of Obama.

Some who invoke "black privilege" also make another argument: Who says all unearned advantages are wrong?

In fact, some are unavoidable, says Benjamin Shapiro, a political commentator and author of an essay titled "Why White People Seek Black Privilege."

"Birth to a two-parent family is an unearned advantage. Birth into wealth is an unearned advantage. Being born smart or tall or athletic is an unearned advantage," Shapiro says. "But being born white in a rural backwater in West Virginia is not an advantage over being born the son of Colin Powell."

Blackness, though, has become a "tremendous asset" in contemporary America, he writes in his column. Despite the "horrific and evil history of racism against black people," being black today gives its recipients privileges ranging from landing coveted college scholarships to becoming activists who can build careers on racial grievances, he says.

There are even whites now who try to pass themselves off as black activists because it's a career booster, Shapiro says. He cites Rachel Dolezal, the former head of an NAACP chapter, who said "I identify as black" but was called white by her family members.
Who is Rachel Dolezal?
"Being black confers the advantage of rhetorical victimhood," says Shapiro, host of "The Morning Answer" radio show in Los Angeles. "Accusing others of racism is a convenient way of avoiding discussion on uncomfortable topics ranging from murder rates to poverty rates to single motherhood rates."

'We swim in white supremacy'

Arguments for black privilege may face a hostile audience as acceptance of the idea of white privilege grows.

The white rapper Macklemore recently released a song titled "White Privilege." The term "check your privilege," a reference to white privilege, has gone mainstream.

The comedian Louis C.K. even built one of his most popular routines around the concept of white privilege.

"Here's how great it is to be white," he says. "I can get in a time machine and go to any time, and it would be awesome when I get there. ... A black guy in a time machine is like, hey, any time before 1980, no thank you." No one appears to have asked C.K. about black privilege, but others who have explored white privilege in books and essays reject the existence of such a privilege.

Some suggest that people who believe in black privilege still do not understand what white privilege is all about.

Consider a popular argument against white privilege: I grew up poor, and nobody gave me anything. How can you say I'm privileged?

That argument is why Deborah Foster wrote an essay titled "A Guide to White Privilege for White People Who Think They've Never Had Any."

Foster says she grew up in an impoverished white family in Iowa where her parents were so poor, she was placed in foster care as a child because they couldn't afford to feed her.

Still, Foster says she experienced white privilege. She says she only knew that because she happened to live around poor black people. She still had advantages that they did not, she says.

Her black friends would get accused of stealing from stores; she wouldn't, even though she was with them. They would be suspended for missing too many classes or being late; she was placed in a gifted program, even though she also had attendance problems. They were called lazy blacks behind their backs if they missed work at a fast-food restaurant; her behavior was never seen as a reflection on her race.

"We swim in white supremacy, which makes it harder to point out unless you start looking for it," she says.

Then there is affirmative action. Don't blacks get plenty of perks from affirmative action programs? That's a privilege that whites don't enjoy.

Only if you ignore much of U.S. history, some say. Whites have been the biggest affirmative action beneficiaries in U.S. history -- they've routinely been given advantages in jobs and other economic opportunities that were kept from blacks, says the Rev. Jim Wallis, one of the country's best-known commentators on race.

Wallis, who grew up in a white working-class family in Detroit, says they received special help from a massive government program that was largely denied to black families. It was called the GI Bill, he writes in his new book, "America's Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America."

The GI Bill was created for U.S. veterans returning from World War II. The government paid for the college education of white veterans and provided other types of financial aid to them, but black veterans were unable to reap many of the same rewards.

The exclusionary racial nature of the GI Bill was repeated throughout U.S. history. The financial help and land grants that the U.S. government gave to 19th century homesteaders; the New Deal policies that lifted the nation out of the Great Depression but were kept from many blacks -- that has been the norm, according to historians and books such as "When Affirmative Action Was White," by Ira Katznelson.

"I'm the beneficiary of the biggest affirmative action program in American history," Wallis says. "A free education, a loan for a house. But black veterans didn't get it. We got made middle-class by our government program. It was good. That's privilege."

He says some whites resist the term "white privilege" because they think they're being blamed for something wrong.

"Every white person isn't guilty for every bad thing that's been done to every black person," Wallis says. "But if we benefit from cooperating with white supremacy, then we are responsible for changing it. To tolerate racism in our social system is to be complicit."

Stepping into another time machine

Perhaps one reason some white people invoke black privilege is because they are tired of being on the defensive. That's the impression I got after talking to Domalick, the Wisconsin retiree.

He is a soft-spoken man who says he doesn't judge people by their race. But he says others often don't return the favor when they see him. He longs for the day when Americans stop talking so much about race, which only increases division.

"If you'd get away from this white-black struggle, people will start coming together," he says.

Maybe. But extend the logic behind the belief in black privilege into other areas, and there could be more strange conversations over race. If someone stepped into the time machine that Louie C.K. imagines and dared to go forward instead of backward, what would they see and hear in the brown new world of a future America?

Would they see a calendar marked by a White History Month? Would they click on the television and see a White Entertainment Network or legions of white citizens marching on Washington, singing "We Shall Overcome"?

And would they hear a white leader step forward at a crowded news conference to announce: "It's time to talk about reparations"?

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it's time to talk about black privilege - cnn

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It's time to talk about 'black privilege'

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"In America you can't even talk about whiteness," said Drew Domalick, who lives in Green Bay, Wisconsin. "If you try to embrace being white, you are portrayed as being a racist. If we had a White History Month, that would be viewed as a racist holiday."

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"We didn't come from millionaire families. My husband's father died before he was born," Hillary Clinton said Tuesday. | AP Photo

RALEIGH, N.C. - Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are two wealthy one-percenters who inhabit parallel bubbles of New York privilege.

For Trump, the gross display of wealth is his gold-encrusted calling card. For Clinton, her Hamptons friends and multi-mansion lifestyle (she closed on a third house in Chappaqua for $1.16 million last month to widen her compound), have been a political liability as she struggles to credibly champion working-class voters.

Story Continued Below

But on the debate stage Monday and on the campaign trail in North Carolina on Tuesday, Clinton made a strategic shift to show her privilege as different from his: The Clintons came from nothing and lived the American dream; Trump, she said, was just born that way.

"Bill and I have been blessed," Clinton said at a community college gymnasium here in Raleigh, speaking to a crowd of about 1,400 supporters, where she touted her plans for paid family leave and debt-free college. "We didn't come from millionaire families. My husband's father died before he was born."

Clinton, who has made her own parents' stories central to her campaign this cycle, rarely mentions William Jefferson Blythe, the traveling Arkansas salesman, killed in a car accident, who was Bill Clinton's biological father, or Roger Clinton, the alcoholic stepfather who helped to raise him.

But a day after she needled Trump on the debate stage with an opening salvo questioning his business prowess - "he started his business with $14 million borrowed from his father" - Clinton continued to press on the life stories as a new way to explain the candidates' different visions of the country.

Bill Clinton's "mother taught nursery school in order to support him," Clinton said. "They struggled. They worked hard. And America gave him the chance to get a good education, to pursue his dreams and end up being president."

As she prepared for Monday's debate, Clinton spent a lot of time thinking about the most effective way to draw contrasts, her aides said. And she concluded that it wasn't just their ideas about the country and the world that set them apart, but that those perspectives were rooted in their vastly different upbringings.

"The suggestion that Fred Trump made Donald really seems to unsettle him, as we saw again last night," said David Axelrod, President Barack Obama's former chief strategist. "They are in his head."

In Raleigh, Clinton spoke at length about her mother's own abused and abandoned childhood, working as a maid and living on her own when she was just 14 years old. Her squeegee-wielding father, Hugh Rodham, who made drapery, she said, "worked hard." She added: "I'm really glad my dad never had a contract with Donald Trump," a rhetorical strategy that helped place the privileged former secretary of state in the shoes of the stiffed working man.

The more personal explanation of where Clinton and her husband came from - coming a day after she launched a prime-time assault on Trump's rich-boy upbringing - doubles as an American dream story, of the Clintons' rise to the top.

Longtime allies said it marked a real shift in the argument Clinton has been making to voters for the past 18 months. "That's way more personal than she almost ever is," longtime Clinton ally Paul Begala said of Clinton's remarks in Raleigh. "Mostly, what Hillary has done is hidden her heart behind a bullet-proof fortress of policy proposals. Ideas matter, but they cannot convey motive."

Contrasting the candidates' upbringings is critical for Clinton, in part because Trump's message is resonating with working-class voters in battleground states such as Ohio and Pennsylvania. "You can't negate that by simply saying it's bad policy," Begala added, "but you can say also it's coming from a guy who is an untrustworthy messenger."

Clinton's close ties to Wall Street, her love of a six-figure paid speech and a big donor confab, are parts of her that even admirers can be put off by - and Bernie Sanders' baggy-suited, man-of-the-people persona was a big part of his progressive appeal. Clinton often talks about her decision to go work for the Children's Defense Fund straight out of law school rather than join a fancy, white-shoe law firm - but skeptics arch an eyebrow at the fact that she has to reach back four decades into her life to produce that noble moment.

Today, Clinton's net worth is about $32 million; through paid speeches and hefty book advances, the former first couple have earned millions since leaving the White House. Because Trump has not released his tax returns, it is unclear if he is the billionaire he claims to be.

"Bill and I have released all of our tax returns, going back 40 years," she said Tuesday, noting they pay the highest marginal income tax rate and donate 10 percent of their wealth to charity. "We believe in this country," she said.

Trump's steadfast refusal to release his tax returns also allows Clinton to position herself as part of the "us" against him, rather than a fellow member of the unrelateable 1 percent. "If not paying taxes makes him smart, what does that make all the rest of us?" Clinton said.

Clinton scored points Monday night by insinuating that Trump won't release the returns because he doesn't pay federal income taxes. On Tuesday, during her post-debate victory lap, Clinton drove the narrative even further, accusing Trump of denigrating the military but at the same time not paying "a penny to support our troops."

Clinton was in good spirits on Tuesday after she was widely praised for her debate performance. Her aides could be heard cheering from the front of the plane when she boarded her campaign plane in White Plains. In some of the primary debates, Clinton exited the stage feeling uncertain as to whether she had won or lost. That wasn't the case Monday night, one of her top aides said. She didn't need anyone to tell her she had won.

Back on the trail, she seemed to be riding her momentum, noting that Trump "actually rooted for the housing crisis to happen." Speaking briefly to reporters aboard her campaign plane, Clinton said that "anybody who complains about the microphone is not having a good night."

In contrast, Trump seemed to have no narrative to hang onto, instead defensively doubling down on his personal criticisms of a former Miss Universe who Clinton evoked during the debate.

"Trump had a few moments but didn't really pull it together," said Clinton's former chief strategist, Mark Penn. "He is kind of gyrating all over the place today rather than putting on a good face and moving forward."

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Clinton thinks Trump's privilege is different from hers

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RALEIGH, N.C. - Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are two wealthy one-percenters who inhabit parallel bubbles of New York privilege. For Trump, the gross display of wealth is his gold-encrusted calling card.

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The first picture I added was the little baby onesie's. This represents my idea of social construction on gender because most people chose to have pink for girls and blue for boys. Is this always true? I do not think it is. Society has shaped us into always choosing pink for girls and blue for boys, and then they grow up thinking that if they wear the opposite color of what society thinks, they will be judged. In the past, blue was matched with the Virgin Mary, who was female. The next photo is "The chef does everything but cook- that's what wives are for". Among society, people always think women doing the cooking and cleaning. Cooking and cleaning are not just for women. Back when women did not have rights, all they could do was cook and clean. Years later, people still hold that idea true because of social constructionism.

Next, Caitlyn Jenner made her debut once again announcing "he" was a "woman". In my opinion, Caitlyn is still a man because of sex. But, she is a woman because of gender. This brings me to the next item I posted, the gender vs. sex post. In my opinion and in most, gender is what people view themselves as. Sex is the biological characteristics. Males like Caitlyn can view their gender as female, but their sex is still male because of the biology behind it. These ideas are being confused with each other, and it is important that in the future, social construction can distinguish between the two.

Finally, the last thing I added to this Padlet is an article about Target discontinuing labeling boys for boys and girls. Labeling these toys is gender discrimination and many people wanted it to end. So, Target put an end to it. They also had to combine the girls and boys bedding, because that was also discriminatory. In the future, there might be even more fuss about gender discrimination. This relates to our Threshold concepts book because it relates to the ideas they represented to us.

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In April 2015, Olympic athlete and reality television star Bruce Jenner sat down with ABC's Diane Sawyer to reveal his gender identity. Born male, Bruce declared that he always felt female and was going through the process of becoming a woman. In June, an image of Jenner dressed in a cream-colored bustier was the cover of Vanity Fair magazine, captioned by the pronouncement, "Call me Caitlyn."

Those of us born in the last forty years have had little choice but to be affected by waves of cultural change. Every generation has this, of course, but generations who have been branded like cattle with the letters "x" and "y" have been placed in the unique position of both benefiting from the feminist and queer activism of those who came before us while also participating in a massive technological, Internet-based, and over-exposed celebrity culture which saturates our socialization. For feminist pop culture scholars like myself this is thrilling, especially considering the impact pop culture can have on society.

My generation was pushed into the "We are the World" phenomenon, the 1985 song whose proceeds benefited USA for Africa. We saw Magic Johnson announce his HIV status, forever cementing a childhood hero's vulnerability and shattering ideas about 'who gets AIDS.' We were young and impressionable when Madonna came on the scene, her music and images pushing against gender roles.

In the decades that followed, we have witnessed our country's shift in gay and lesbian rights, through comediennes like Ellen DeGeneres, pop stars and actors such as Lance Bass and Neil Patrick Harris as well as countless others who came out and then continued to have thriving careers.

My generation has watched as pop culture shined a light on issues such as violence against women, in part, because of the work of people like musician Tori Amos who co-founded RAINN, Angelina Jolie's status as a U.N. goodwill ambassador and even men like WWE legend Mick Foley who regularly raise hundreds of thousands of dollars to support the work of RAINN and volunteer for the hotline.

Yet, these examples are of people acting intentionally and using their time and talent to better the world. Which is why it is surprising that a reality show, whose premise is to follow a wealthy family's quest for stardom, is becoming part of social change.

Like most people, I know that beings called Kardashians and Jenners exist. The reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashian's has run regularly since 2008, featuring the blended family of Kris Kardashian and Bruce Jenner. The family's popularity has had huge monetary gains and spurred a list of products too long to mention ( here is a link to most of them), while simultaneously being critiqued for the "reality" created by the show's producers.

It is because of the widespread impact of the show that leads me to think that the transition of Bruce Jenner to Caitlyn Jenner may be one of the single most important moments in pop culture for multiple generations. Whether we think of Caitlyn as an Olympic athlete, father or reality TV star, her transition from man to woman in such a public and well-orchestrated way is inescapable. Very few Americans can now say they do not know of someone who is transgender.

Caitlyn's public revelation will undoubtedly help people who are struggling with transgender issues, being able to see ourselves and identify with another person is part of social development. It will also feed the masses of skeptical or cynical people who reject the power of celebrity. This is the beauty and brutality of popular culture.

Incredibly, watching the way Jenner has chronicled her life-long struggle with gender has placed terms like "gender identity" and "sex vs. gender" into media culture. The social construction of gender is becoming part of a national conversation, and gender studies scholarship is leaping into daily coverage of Jenner's transition. Terms like 'intersectionality' are entering discussions about age (Jenner is 65), social class (she can afford the best surgical procedures) and privilege (unlimited resources aid her ability to transition and pass as a woman). Currently, gender studies is a focus of national media, something that was evident in the Keeping Up with the Kardashian's special, "About Bruce" when Kim bluntly asked her step-father, "So if you're a 'woman' and you used to have sex with my mom, does that mean you're a lesbian?" In that moment, queer theory entered the Kardashian household. Millions of people were challenged to think about the spectrum of sexuality. Now, frank conversations about gender roles are popping up at dinner tables and coffee shops around the country.

Of course, Jenner's experience does not speak for all transgender people. (How could it?)

As coverage of the Vanity Fair cover unfolded, comments about Caitlyn's appearance were abundant. Being able to "pass" as male/female allows a certain amount of privilege for transgender people, their image conforms to set gender norms. There is comfort in men and women resembling our socially constructed ideas of male/female. Additionally, transitioning the way Caitlyn did was costly, the multiple surgeries and cosmetic procedures are not available for all. Further, as Jon Stewart noted, the media's appetite for breaking down women's looks is insatiable, as they did when the Vanity Fair image was released.

For transgender people there is already a high level of scrutiny about their bodies and, for transgender women, her cultural capital is based on her beauty. Jenner is lucky, she met these social expectations, CNN even declared her to be "stunning. " Passing is not as easy for many transgender people. There are limited resources for most to have a perfect coming out.

Regardless, the spotlight Caitlyn has elected to shine on herself is going to change lives. Gender, in all its inceptions, needs to be a part of the national conversation and Caitlyn Jenner is doing just that. I can't wait to see what happens next.
________________

Adrienne Trier-Bieniek PhD is a gender and pop culture sociologist. She is the author of Sing Us a Song, Piano Woman: Female Fans and the Music of Tori Amos (Scarecrow Press, 2013) and co-editor of Gender and Pop Culture: A Text-Reader (Sense, 2014). Her writing has appeared in various academic journals as well as xoJane, The Mary Sue, Gender & Society Blog, Feministing, and Girl w/Pen, and she runs the Facebook page Pop Culture Feminism. Adrienne Trier-Bieniek is a professor of sociology at Valencia College in Orlando, Florida.

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Caitlyn Jenner's Social Construction of Gender - Feminist Reflections

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In April 2015, Olympic athlete and reality television star Bruce Jenner sat down with ABC's Diane Sawyer to reveal his gender identity. Born male, Bruce declared that he always felt female and was going through the process of becoming a woman.

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"Cooking is what women are suppose to do."

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"Cooking is what women are suppose to do."

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Pink for girls, blue for boys?

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                                  Social Construction of Gender

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                                  Social Construction of Gender

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FEMALE athletes have been a part of the Olympic tradition for a whopping 116 years, since they first competed in the sufficiently ladylike lawn tennis at the Paris Games in 1900.

Yet somehow, with more than a century's experience under their belts, sports commentators still don't know how to talk about them.

In the past 10 days, we've seen the achievements of women athletes actively diminished by the world's media. American Corey Cogdell-Unrein won bronze in the trap shooting only to be reported in the press by reference to her famous husband.

NBC credited Hungarian swimmer Katinka Hosszu's coach/husband as "the person responsible for her performance".

Fox Sports commentators had an actual on-air discussion about the importance of female gymnasts wearing makeup while they compete.

The BBC called the women's judo competition a "catfight" one day and had to be reminded about the Williams sisters' very existence by Andy Murray the next.

The American press recorded swimmer Katie Ledecky's world record-setting gold medal swim in tiny font, under an enormous banner headline about Michael Phelps' winning silver.

Yet despite all these undeniably sexist incidents of reporting, there's one question that continues to preoccupy the media echo chamber.

Is it OK to call adult women "girls"?

Coverage of the Olympics in Rio has seen sports commentators both angrily criticised and vigorously defended for referring to Australia's female athletes as "girls". It's a semantic debate that's drawing attention away from the more pressing challenges in women's sport.

So let's settle it once and for all, shall we?

From movies to books to social media, calling adult women "girls" is pretty standard. This isn't only an issue for sport. On The Bachelor, the 20-odd female contestants vying for love are collectively called "girls". The term reinforces their position of powerlessness; they're delicate and in desperate need of male protection.

While on reality television it's merely irritating, in the workplace it's sexist and even harmful to call grown women "girls". When we label a female colleague or employee a "girl", we professionally and intellectually diminish her contribution. A girl is someone incapable of taking responsibility for herself let alone her work. A girl is a child.

So what does this mean for our women Olympians? For them, the pool or the track or the field is their place of work. It's a professional context like any other. Does that make calling Australia's gold medal-winning rugby sevens team "girls" sexist? What if that's how the players choose to refer to themselves? Is sport different?

Feminist author Caitlin Moran says you can tell if something is sexist by asking, "Are the men doing it?" And in the sporting arena the answer is yes. The men are doing it. Commentators and fans call male athletes "boys" or "lads" all the time.

It's a way of expressing shared ownership in their achievements, on behalf of the fans. The sport-watching public is proud of their nation's representatives, the same way a parent might be proud of their children.

In this context, the term "girls" is less about sexism and more an intuitive recognition of what sport is: fun. Sport is about taking pleasure in physical activity and the joy that comes from testing the very limits of human physicality. The Olympics is quite literally about playing games. And what could be more childlike than that?

I asked a friend who once represented Australia in basketball whether she and her teammates were offended by being called "girls". Her response? "We were mostly just grateful when people were talking about us at all."

Which brings me back to the debate we actually need to be having and the area where the media, in particular, needs to take a good hard look at itself.

The immediate challenge facing women's sport is not whether we call athletes "girls" but the woeful extent to which they're discussed at all. Outside of the Olympics, attendance at women's sporting events is depressingly low. The salaries (if they even exist) of professional female athletes are rarely enough to live on. Women's sport is shockingly underreported.

The media dedicates more hours to horse racing than it does to the totality of women's sporting events. And when women's sport is reported on? We do a totally rubbish job of it.

Kim Brennan, Catherine Skinner, Maddison Keeney, Anabelle Smith, the Campbell sisters, Jessica Fox, Anna Meares, the Matildas, the Hockeyroos, the Opals and those magnificent rugby sevens. Like their compatriots around the world, these women are strong, fast and incredibly dedicated.

Their skills and abilities deserve our respect and their achievements are worthy of genuine attention and fair reporting. Not sexist claptrap about how they look or who they're married to.

These women are warriors.

And if they're "girls" as well? Then that makes being a girl a glorious thing.
Jamila Rizvi is a writer, presenter and news.com.au columnist. You can follow her on Facebook and Twitter.

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Commentators still don't know how to talk about female athletes

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FEMALE athletes have been a part of the Olympic tradition for a whopping 116 years, since they first competed in the sufficiently ladylike lawn tennis at the Paris Games in 1900. Yet somehow, with more than a century's experience under their belts, sports commentators still don't know how to talk about them.

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This woman shows us that she believes feminism will stop the sexism at her workplace.

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This article compares how Gabby Douglas, Olympic gold medalist, and Ryan Lochte, also a gold medalist, actions during the 2016 Olympics were responded by by the general public.

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This article compares how Gabby Douglas, Olympic gold medalist, and Ryan Lochte, also a gold medalist, actions during the 2016 Olympics were responded by by the general public.

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Gymnast Gabby Douglas "disrespected" her entire country by not putting her hand on her heart and smiling enough during the Olympics. Swimmer Ryan Lochte is a "kid" who deserves "a break" for allegedly destroying property and lying about a traumatic robbery.

If you were wondering what white, male privilege looks like, this is it.

Insulting how Gabby Douglas(20) was being told she needs to fix her attitude in Rio, but #LochteGate and crew are all "kids" who got rowdy.🙄
- Lea (@_MissLeandra) August 18, 2016

To back up: On Sunday, it was reported that Lochte and three other U.S. swimmers were robbed at gunpoint in Rio, with specifics of the robbery coming from Lochte himself and his mother, Ileana Lochte.

Since then, multiple pieces of evidence have emerged that suggest the story was fabricated, something that Lochte's teammates Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger reportedly confirmed to Brazilian authorities after being detained in the country. (Basically, it seems that an international incident may have started over the fact that Lochte didn't want to admit to his mother that he and his friends had drunkenly caused damage to a gas station bathroom, and then gotten into a belligerent altercation with the security guard.)

The general reaction to what has been dubbed #LochteGate was initial confusion, a lot of spot-on jokes, and eventually a measured dose of criticism and a plea from Rio 2016 spokesman Mario Andrada to "give these kids a break" because "sometimes you take actions that you later regret."

It didn't take long for people to point to the cognitive dissonance between the compassionate, light-hearted response to Lochte, Bentz, Conger and fourth swimmer Jimmy Feigen's drunken actions, and the widespread online vilification gymnast Gabby Douglas experienced just a week prior.

Douglas, who is just 20 years old, failed to put her hand on her heart during the national anthem, and did not style her hair and/or face to every individual's liking. For those "crimes," she was widely criticized for being "disprespectful," "unpatriotic" and "un-American," and called words that we'd rather not repeat in this piece. Lochte and friends reportedly defiled a gas station restroom, fought with a security officer, lied to national news sources, and may have filed a false police report. And the four of them get to be framed as talented "kids" (reminder: Lochte is 32) having one debaucherous night of fun.

The vast gap between these two public perceptions has everything to do with the identities of the people involved. Lochte is a straight, white man, who has long been beloved for his pretty face, doofy personality and charmingly slow demeanor during interviews. Douglas is a young, black woman who has battled racialized critiques of her appearance and attitude for years, despite winning three Olympic gold medals.

Gabby Douglas was destroyed for hand placement. He pisses on a business and blames a country, and people are making excuses. #LochteGate
- Anthony Dominic (@tmzanthony) August 18, 2016

Gabby was verbally stoned on social media for not putting her hand over her heart but people are making excuses for #LochteGate.🤔
- Joshua Thicklin (@JoshThicklin53) August 18, 2016

is it just me or did people seem a lot more upset about Gabby Douglas not raising her hand to pledge than Ryan Lochte lying to police?
- #1 Rachel ✨ (@rachel) August 18, 2016

Let me gets this straight - Gabby Douglas hates America but #LochteGate was just a bunch of kids having fun? Hmmmm
- Sade Diana Sellers (@sadesellers) August 18, 2016

This isn't to say that Lochte and his teammates should be publicly vilified. But when the benefit of the doubt is given freely to white men when they mess up ― even in cases like this one where they actually may have broken the law ― and yet withheld from others, it perpetuates entrenched systems of racism and sexism.

What if Lochte had been a woman (of any race) who falsely accused a man of robbing and attacking her?

If Ryan Lochte lied about that robbery, how can we ever believe any man's allegations of robbery? 🤔
- WendyBrandes (@WendyBrandes) August 18, 2016

What if Lochte had been a man of color?

If Black athletes pulled that #LochteGate stunt, the headlines would read "Black Lives Matter Thugs Caused Terror At The Olympics"
- Tariq Nasheed (@tariqnasheed) August 18, 2016

These "what ifs" are important, and the resulting thought experiments are telling. White men exist in a world that prioritizes their potential, gives them the benefit of the doubt and assumes their actions are mostly benevolent ― or at the very least, harmless.

Women, especially women of color, don't have that luxury. Just ask Gabby Douglas.
For more Olympics coverage:

BEFORE YOU GO

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White Male Privilege Is Why We Laugh At Lochte And Vilify Douglas

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Gymnast Gabby Douglas "disrespected" her entire country by not putting her hand on her heart and smiling enough during the Olympics. Swimmer Ryan Lochte is a "kid" who deserves "a break" for allegedly destroying property and lying about a traumatic robbery. If you were wondering what white, male privilege looks like, this is it.

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Using this Padlet I am showing what I think feminism means to me. Before I started this class, I never really paid much attention to the feminism in everyday life, but this assignment showed me that I can find it everywhere. I found many different news articles and photos to represent the meaning of feminism. The first article shows how two very successful Olympians are responded to by the general public with certain actions they perceived. Gabby Douglas, an Olympic female gymnast, did not place her hand over her heart during the National Anthem, but neither did two male shot put athletes. She also was called out for not cheering for her teammates or not smiling enough. Gabby was cyber bullied and put to shame by many people, but the men "were exercising their rights". Ryan Lochte made up a story about being held at gunpoint, but gets laughed at by the general public, and is not put to shame. This article relates to my meaning of feminism because there are more women being put to shame by smaller actions than men with larger actions.

The next article is also based on the Olympics. It tells us how even sports commentators do not know how to talk about or address the female athletes. They called the Australian women's swim team "girls" instead of "women", and many feminists were angry about it. This article relates to the textbook, "Threshold Concepts", because it mentions female colleges very called "girls schools". These types of things can make a feminist very upset, it is kind of like an insult to them. Being called a "girl" is belittling. Feminism also reminds me of sexism. Headlining in the news can be very sexist, especially during large events, like the Olympics. Michael Phelps, known by everyone nationwide, made his Olympic debut again. Another U.S. swimmer, Katie Ledecky also is making her way to be world-known. Ledecky crushed a world record and got a gold medal, but Phelps got a silver and still beat her in newspaper headlining. This just shows how news reporters can be very sexist in society. This corresponds to my meaning of feminism in a way that there are women out there who are just as good as men, but do not get any fame for it.

Finally, the last two things I use to portray my meaning of feminism is the "We Can Do It" picture, and the picture of the woman holding up a sign saying "because I shouldn't be paid less than my male co-worker". The "We Can Do It" picture shows that women are just as capable as men to get the job done. This "ad" was very popular during the mid-twentieth century and represented a strong feminist view. The other picture shows a women with her opinion about sexism in the workplace. This represents my meaning of feminism because there is inequality out in the world, especially in jobs.