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-When blood reaches the lungs, there is a relatively low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli compared with that in the blood. This causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the air sacs in the alveoli, stimulating the carbon dioxide of the carbaminohaemoglobin to leave the red blood cell and the hydrogencarbonate and hydrogen ions to reattach and form carbon dioxide molecules once again.

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-Most of the hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the blood plasma, where they are carried in solution.

-About 85% of carbon dioxide is transported by blood this way.

-Some carbon dioxide, however doesn't dissociate but remains as carbon dioxide molecules.

-Other carbon dioxide molecules diffuse into red blood cells but instead of undergoing reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, the molecules combine directly with NH2-amine group of some haemoglobin molecules and form carbaminohaemoglobin.

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-When carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma and into the red blood cell, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid. This happens due to the presence of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which is found in the cytoplasm of the red blood cell.

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The effect of carbon dioxide in the blood 

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The effect of carbon dioxide in the blood 

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-Haemoglobin can also bind to carbon dioxide to a lesser extent and form carbaminohaemoglobin. This is carried around the body by resourcing tissues.

-The amount of oxygen carried by haemoglobin is affected not only by the partial pressure of oxygen, but by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

-Carbon dioxide is continuously being produced by respiring cells . It diffuses from the cell and into the blood plasma, from where some of it diffuses into the red blood cells.

- The presence of carbon dioxide helps the release of oxygen from haemoglobin.

- This can be seen by comparing the oxygen dissociation curve when there is less carbon dioxide and when there is high amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

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*At a relatively low oxygen concentrations there is uncombined haemoglobin in the blood and a little or no oxyhaemoglobin. Eg in the body tissues

*At a relatively high oxygen concentrations there is little uncombined haemoglobin in the blood; it's in the form of oxyhaemoglobin. Eg in the lungs.

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Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin when it bonds itself to a haemoglobin molecule, this forms oxyhaemoglobin . As a result oxygenated arterial blood is being carried by the haemoglobin is bright red, while the venous blood is deoxygenated and darker red

At high oxygen concentration oxyhaemoglobin forms, but at low oxygen concentration oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin and oxygen. This graph shows what happens

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1. What is the Bohr Effect?

2. Represent this phenomenon by means of a graph and elucidate the shape of the graph based on your drawings.

3. Describe the function of Haemoglobin and its significance to the Bohr Effect.

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Differences between blood,lymph and tissue fluid...

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Differences between blood,lymph and tissue fluid...

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Blood: a combination of plasma and the cells that float in it.(It is a specialised bodily fluid  that supplies essential substances and nutrients-sugar,hormones,oxygen to our cells and carries waste away from theses cells.
Lymph:a colourless fluid containing white blood cells,which bathes tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream .
Tissue Fluid: extracellular fluid which bathes the cells of most tissues. It arrives via blood capillaries and leaves via lymphatic vessels.

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Acclimation is an increase of haemoglobin. An increase in haemoglobin leads to an increase in oxygen that is carried around in the blood. This also explains why a lot of long distance runners train at high altitudes to allow their bodies to produce extra red blood cells,which therefore means oxygen is pumped to the working muscles so they can run longer and harder.

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The higher you go up a mountain,the less oxygen there is in the air. As a result it is therefore harder to breathe so the body has to adapt by producing more red blood cells in the bone marrow

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We can assume that, since the graph shifts to the right, there will be a high concentration of CO2. This change (Right Shift) is affected by an Increase in Temperature, an Increase in CO2 and a decrease in pH which is an increase in acidity. To put this in simpler terms, we can assume that the Haemoglobin represents a car and the four tires can represent four Oxygen molecules in which the car carries around the body. This car goes into an acid tunnel and the tires fall off. To correlate this in terms of the graph, the more the curve shifts to the right, the more loose the bolts are to the tires which means the tires will fall off more easily. Therefore an increase in acidity in blood as a result of high CO2 concentrations will cause the Haemoglobin (Protein) to release its load of Oxygen, picks up CO2 and transports it to the lungs. An increase in pH allows the Haemoglobin to pick up more Oxygen.
This effect facilitates transport of O2 as Haemoglobin binds to O2 in lungs and releases it in the tissues.

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This is a phenomenon stating that : The degree in which Haemoglobin binds with Oxygen is inversely proportional to the acidity(pH) and concentration of Carbon Dioxide in blood. This can be represented by means of a graph.