# data[].attributes.body
W. E. B. De Bois was initially against separate schools for African Americans. Stating that these schools would have little to offer. After seeing what African American students were going through, he changed his mind. He was then behind the idea of separate schools. The mission was "equal education, not integrated education".

# data[].attributes.body
Ladson-Billings defines effective teaching as the kind of success that not only helps them academically, but also maintaining a positive identity as an African American. It is about the kind of teaching that the African American community has identified as having its children's best interests at heart. The kind of teaching that helps students CHOOSE academic success. Ron Clark is a great example for this kind of effective teaching. He worked with disadvantaged students before founding the Ron Clark Academy in Atlanta. He opened this school knowing he could make a difference through his school. This private non-profit school follows a one of a kind curriculum that incorporates music, movement, and accepts all cultures.

# data[].attributes.body
In this photo, you will see the author, Gloria Ladson-Billings leading a workshop. This sets a great example of the teachers the author shares about in the "Dreamkeepers" book. Effective teachers are always learning, growing, and trying new things. Like Ladson-Billings said in the introduction of her book, each teacher once had a "transformation" moment in their career. Good teachers reflect on their work so they know how to become a better teacher for their students.

# data[].attributes.body
The author pulls in work from Winfield to explain the four categories of expectations of student achievement. 1) Tutors- believe in students, feel responsible for student success. 2) General contractors- believe in students, but give that responsibility to other personnel. 3) Custodians- Do not believe in students, and do not look for help. 4) Referral Agents- do not believe in students, but push them off onto other personnel. A teacher's role is to help mold a student for the real world. If a teacher has low expectations for a student, then they are not going to function well in society if they never get the help or support they need.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1994, Gloria Ladson-Billings released the first "Dreamkeepers". Her goal was to prove that there were teachers capable of teaching African American students to high levels. She wanted to stop reading about African American "problem" students and wanted to know what was RIGHT with these students. Through polling parents, principals, and colleagues, she found 8 wonderful teachers. These women had varied characteristics but all had experience and they could tell you a time when they reflected on their teachings and knew they needed to transform. The new "Dreamkeepers" must ask what and why each of the previous Dreamkeepers did to keep their classrooms updated and successful.