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I can prepare for FRQ and the multiple choice test
Binocular cues
Monocular Cues
Other senses

What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
-language delay-the older the child gets, the greater the gap between a normal hearing child and....?
deep into the skull
Interferes with Deaf culture
You are able to hear!

After receiving cochlear implants, what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?
Speech improves
Listening/Understanding
Better to get it as a child
Brain plasticity

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The chemical senses-olfactory
extremely sensitive (5 million receptors)
airborne chemicals soluble in the nasal mucosa
Receptor cells: olfactory/mucous membrans (Epithlium)
top of the nasal cavity
OLFACTORY- not to the thalamus like other senses
memory: state dependent
Problems with sense of smell due to clogged receptor cells
Limbic: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
olfactory connects to lymbic system
Gustation (taste)- different from flavor
smell plus taste plus texure: flavor
papillae receptor cells for taste
characteristic pattern to taste sensation
five tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami
Skin senses: cutaneous sensations:
pressure, temperature and pain
Some spots are especially sensitive to certain stimuli- not specific
pressure only receptors
brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation
certain areas of body have more concentrated tactile nerve endings than others (ex, fingertips, lips)
SKIN
kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions
Vestibular sense: monitors head position and movement
How does this sense work?
Semicircular canals- control balance
Vestibular sacs- make you busy
connects canals w cochlea
Athletes have stronger tolerance for pain because mindset can effect reactions
Cultures
Thought process
Physiological- women are stronger with pain
Gate Control Theory: Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
Neurological Gate- in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain
Small nerve fiber open (pain)/large nf Close (other senses close off pain)
Ex. Endorphins are associated with pain
Morphine relieves pain
Pain control: acupuncture, electro shock therapy
Daniel Kahneman: if you want a positive experience and less pain, taper down even longer, no immediate cut off
Phantom Limb: misinterpretation
Demonstration: Candle technique vs. Walking over the coals
cold and warm water together: sensation you feel is HOT
warmth cold and pain don't have any identifiable receptors

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues
Color Constancy: perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors even if changing illumination.
Rules of perception:
Figure-Ground
Organize information into a figure seen against a ground.
Grouping Principles:
Proximity: group nearby figures together
Similarity: Group similar figures together
Continuity: smooth continuous patterns
Connectedness: When linked we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
Depth Perception: 2 dimensional, but perceive as 3d
Visual Cliff: test of depth perception, infants and toddlers. By six months: understand depth perception
Visual constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
5 types of perceptual constancy:
Color, shape, size, location, brightness
Size: despite distance, objects don't change size
shape: same shape despite angle
Monocular Cue: Interposition: one object blocks view of another
Relatvive Size: two objects are similar size
Relative Clarity: perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
Texture: coarse distinct texture is closer than finer indistinct texture
Relative height: objects higher in field of vision appear farther away.
Relative motion: Movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster.
Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance. Ponzo Illusion
Light and shadow: nearby objects reflect more light into eyes.
Binocular cues: cues that require both eyes.
Retinal disparity: difference between sight/views of 2 eyes.
Converge: cue for perceiving depth
Stereoscopic Vision: combine 2 retinal
Motion perception: assumption: closer object gets larger
Stroboscopic Movement: motion ipctures
Phi Phenomenon: illusion of lights blinking on and off
Autokinetic illusion: pereceived motion created by single stationary object
Sound localization:
Monaural: louder sound means closer sound
Binaural cues: stereophonic: multi directional audio perspective

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I can learn color theories
-when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated.
Young Helmhotz theory cannot explain after visions
Colorblindness
partial or total inability to perceive hues
MONOCHROMATS (black and white)
Dichromats (red green, yellow blue)
Trichromats (normal color vision)
Why can't Young Helmhotz Theory explain color blindness?
Color blindness involves 2 colors pairs not 1 single cone. According to Young Helmholtz color blindness should be you can't see red, green or blue only.
Hering: Opponent Process Theory-
Red and green
Blue and yellow
black and white
pairs, not colors
If one is stimulated the other is inhibited
It explains both after colorblindness
Your cones will fire the opposite color when not being stimulated.
Individual cones: trichromatic theory
Opponent process: other layers of the retina
Surrounding Context: if an item is viewed with other colors, then the color of the object changes.

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Lens: transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light into the retina, contains both
Accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance
rods: black and white
cones: colors
Blindspot: no light sensitive cells
Fovea: central line of focus, only holds cones or color
Optic Nerve: carries visual info to the Visual Cortex but first the THALAMUS
Optic Chiasm: where nerves cross each other (left to right, right to left)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: area in Thalamus that interprets images
Occipital Lobe
Virteuous Humor: protects it from going flat or round
Visual Path: from CORNEA to ACLEUS HUMOR to PUPIL to LENS VIRTEUOUS HUMOR to RETINA to FOVEA.
THREE LAYERS OF RETINA
Rods and Cones
Receptor Cells to Bipolar Cells to Ganglion Cells to Optic Nerve to Brain
20:1 Rods our number
BIPOLAR CELLS: specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/1 dendrite)
Ganglion Cells: Axons of these cells, made of Optic Nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the LGN.
2 kinds of Ganglion Cells: Magnocellur detects motion and Parvocellur detects color and what the item is
Visual ACuibity: distinguish fine details, aka sharpness
Light we can see- visible light spectrum: shortest to longest is violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. The height of the light wave determines its brightness
Color: hue
Light must pass through the layers of the retina- Transduction
Distant object: lens goes flat
Close object: lens goes round

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I can understand the parts and the path of the vision

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amount something must be changed in order to detect it 50% of the time

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not amount of change, it is the percentage change

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If a tiny star is brighter then a tiny star, you can tell. -percentage change

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don't perceive environmental change when you are focused on something else

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Don't see something when it's there- during focus

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Sensation

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Perception

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if there is a bad smell, but you got used to it, but no one else is used to it.

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required by an external stimuli using senses and detects stimuli 50% of the time

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How can top down processing change how features are perceived?

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How can top down processing change how features are perceived?

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relies on knowledge, belief, expectations to guide the interpretation.
throw away redundant information.

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Bottom up

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1. Does perception come from top down or bottom up?

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1. Does perception come from top down or bottom up?

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top down

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impair's people's ability to recognize faces

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to interpret
involves interpretation of ambiguous understanding

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raw material to understanding the environment
receive and relay stimuli

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Influenced by the surroundings

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception.