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Duignan, Brian. “Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Mar. 2020, www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka.

History.com Editors. “Brown v. Board of Education.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka.

“The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Brown v. Board of Education (1954): PBS.” The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | PBS, www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html.

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Brown vs. board of education was a landmark case. It was whether or not public schools should be segregated. The court decided the state laws establishing segregated schools were unconstitutional. This was a stepping stone towards desegregating many public places in the country.

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This cartoon shows how the Supreme Court decision of desegregating school was breaking the chain of segregation.

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chicago defender 1954 anvil cartoon edited

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The segregation of schools violated the 14th Amendment, since it states that all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, will be offered the same equal rights and privileges.

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Brown vs Board of Education was a major truing point for the fight for civil rights. This was the first step to desegregation many public places and gaining equal rights for African Americans.

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Cooper v. Aaron (1958) - Supreme Court rules that all states are constitutionally required to integrate public places.

Reynolds v. Sims (1964) - Supreme Court rules that the 14th Amendment requires legislative districts across states be equal.

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A key strategy in Brown vs Board of Education was persistence and social experiment. The plaintiffs brought in a psychologist to conduct a social experiment to prove segregation harmed the self-images of black children and how they perceived themselves.

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1941 -  Kansas supreme court decided segregated middle were unequal.

1948- The NAACP board of directors meets with Thurgood Marshall on how to fight segregation.

1954- The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Brown would overturn Plessy v. Ferguson

1955- State legislatures refused to enforce the Brown decision, Eisenhower said it must be enforced "with all deliberate speed".

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 to advance justice for African Americans.

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A third grader who had to walk across town to attend an all black school. Her father was upset about this because there was a white school just a few blocks away.

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Head of the NAACP’s Topeka chapter attempted to persuade Topeka to fully integrate the schools.

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Thurgood Marshall was born June 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1954,Marshall succeeded in having the Supreme Court declare segregated public schools unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education.

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Brown vs Board of Education was a name given to a set of five cases, all relating to the issue of public school segregation.

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Brown vs Board of Education was a name given to a set of five cases, all relating to the issue of public school segregation.