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Folio, Quarto, and Octavo Folds in Printing

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Folio, Quarto, and Octavo Folds in Printing

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Also called "parchment". Vellum is made from animal skins, typically those of sheep, goats, or calves. It is generally smooth and very durable (many vellum pages are in great shape despite their age). A coarser quality vellum retains a slightly fuzzy feeling.

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William Caxton was the 1st printer in England who printed in the English language. Caxton books are incredibly rare and very expensive, because they were so often read to pieces. Editions on the market are often incomplete.

This complete volume is a facsimile.

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As scribes copied stories, mistakes were inevitable. Scribes might misread a word, or miss copying a word or even a whole page. Other scribes might think they could "improve" the provided text and make different choices on purpose.

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Geoffrey Chaucer
Printed in 1484
Republished in 1972
Facsimile
Z 241.C48 1972

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Here you can see the wooden cover and part of the book's binding. The binding is made from an old manuscript. Once printed technology became popular, manuscripts were sold to book binders to use as waste paper in their new books.

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Johann Reinhard Gruninger
Printed in 1496
PA 6755 .A2 1496

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Geoffrey Chaucer
Revised and Printed by William Morris
Printed in 1896
PR 1851.E45 2008

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None of the side illustrations in the Gill repeat. 

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Geoffrey Chaucer
Revised by Eric Gill
Printed in 1931

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Geoffrey Chaucer
Revised and Printed by Nicholas Hill
Printed in 1545
PR 1850.1545

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Although printed, the text maintained a similar look to manuscripts.

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The Book of Kells features the Christogram - an interwoven Greek letter chi (X) and rho (P), which are the first two letters of the Greek spelling of "Christ". This is carried down in Christian tradition with the abbreviation "Xmas" for "Christmas".

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Canon Law Manuscript.
Half of an Early Large Format Vellum Leaf from a Canon Law Script in Latin.

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Breviarium Manuscript
Mantua, 1465

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The Gospel of John for Good Friday Mass.
65.104 A Large Vellum Manuscript Bifolium from a Missal in Latin.
Rhineland or Netherlands, 15th Century.

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Matthias Moravus
A127 Incunabula
Printed in Naples 1487. Sextodecimo

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ND 3363.J42 P8 C.1
ND 3363.J42 P8 C.2

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M 2148.L4 1470

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George Braziller
ND 3363.C3 P55

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Francoise Henry
ND 3359.B7 B65 C.2
Trinity College, Dublin