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Using the intro and Part One of Lee’s text and the readings and  documentary videos for Unit 1 and Unit 2 begin to create a timeline using AT LEAST four (4) separate dates (use one date per post)

Do your best to add your posts in the correct chronological order according to the existing timeline (after your classmates have started to add their posts).

To add a new post, click on the + button to the bottom right to open up a new window.  Put the date and event in the "subject" box, and write your brief description in the "write something" portion (don't forget to add your name at the end of your post so you get credit!)

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1356: The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (Asseel Alnuaimi)

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1356: The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (Asseel Alnuaimi)

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The Travels of Sir John Mandeville was published in 1356 and told an incredible tales of the East, becoming a highly popular and influential book among a large audience of Europeans interested in understanding the larger world and the place of both Asia and Europe in it.

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1405: Chinese Navigator, Zheng He (Princess Tuipelehake)

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1405: Chinese Navigator, Zheng He (Princess Tuipelehake)

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Asia's own history of maritime exploration and trade played an equally important role in connecting Asia and the Americas. Long before Europeans began their oceangoing missions, the Chinese navigator Zheng He commanded seven expeditions to explore the waters of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean in 1405.

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On October 12, 1492 Christopher Columbus first laid eyes on land in the Caribbean, which in reality he believed was Asia. Columbus made three more voyages to the Caribbean before he died while still thinking that it was Asia.

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Enslaved Africans had been brought to the Americas as early as 1501, but it was the expansion of the sugar industry in the mid- to late 1500s that set in motion the tremendous growth in slavery in the region.

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Portugal had established its colonial empire of Portuguese India by 1503, but its dominance of the Asian spice trade was challenged by the Dutch East Indies Company, which set up its headquarters in Indonesia a century later.

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Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes founded the town of Veracrus on the Mexican Atlantic Coast. This would mark the beginning of Spanish colonies in the Americas while devastating the local population. Later, this would create the need to laborers from Africa and Asia.

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The Filipino crewmembers on Friar Uradanta's Manila galleon were one of the first recorded Asian immigrants to the Americas. This created some of the first Asian communities in the Americas, but also created a precedent of shipping Asians to Americas in wretched conditions. Despite being described as valuable workers around this time period, the Asians lived in very poor conditions and faced high mortality rates on their journey to the Americas.

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By 1565 Urdaneta's new route was connecting Asia and the Americas which motivated the transpacific trade. This was a huge turning point for civilization and development itself because of the new access to supplies.

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“Americae Sive Novi Orbis, Nova Descriptio.” This map of the Americas, prominently featuring Manila galleons sailing

across  the  Pacific  from  Manila  to  Acapulco,  was  included  in  what  is considered  to  be  the  first  world  atlas,  by  Abraham Ortelius, initially printed in 1570.

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The Manila galleon trade took off when the Santiago and the San Juan
carried 712 pieces of Chinese silk and 22,300 pieces of Chinese porcelainware to Acapulco. By 1576, the galleon trade was firmly established and controlled by a monopoly of merchants from Seville, Spain.

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Historians estimate that the first Asians — collectively known as los chinos — landed in Acapulco in the 1580s. Small but stable populations of chinos, the indigenous women they married, and  their descendants formed communities along the Pacific coast in cities and pueblas like Acapulco, Coyuca, and San Miguel. The towns of Guerrero, Jalisco, and Michoacán were also popular settlements, as were the large settlements along el camino de China that connected Acapulco on the west coast to Mexico City, Puebla, and Veracruz on the east coast.

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1600 East India Company Gets Full Trading Rights - Alexander Hoang  

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1600 East India Company Gets Full Trading Rights - Alexander Hoang  

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In 1600 Queen Elizabeth gave full trading rights the the East India Company which was one of the main traders of Asian spice. They set up different trading posts thus expanding trade.

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Father Pedro Chirino discovered that the highest priced slaves came from India, Malacca and Maluco. Many men were good musicians and the women were excellent in cooking, prepares of conserves and were neat and clean in service.

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1607 - Epidemics reach New Spain [Kelly Chow]

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1607 - Epidemics reach New Spain [Kelly Chow]

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The Indian population of central Mexico fell around 1.5-2 million when it was around 20 million in 1520.

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Perhaps the most well known and revered chino in New Spain was Mirrha-Catarina de San Juan, who in 1610 arrived in Puebla sexually abused slave and died a holy woman respected by rich and poor alike. Mirrha’s exact birthplace and family origin are unknown. Seventeenth-century church biographies tell us that

Mirrha was born in the “distant provinces” of China, Mogor, or India. She was just twelve years old when she was abducted from her home by Portuguese slave traders in 1618 or 1619 and confined and raped. She sailed with her captors to several port cities in the  Indian Ocean. In Cochin, on the west coast of India, she was baptized before being sold in Manila to Spanish captain Miguel de Sosa.

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A Japanese delegation arrived to New Spain with the intentions of forming trade arrangements with Spanish American Officials. They stayed for five months but no agreement was made.

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Samurai and Merchants from Japan under the supervision of Tsunenaga Hasekura arrived in Acapulco in Janurary 1614. A small population resettled there in what was referred to as New Spain.

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Sir Walter Raleigh of England predicted "whosoever commands the sea commands the trade whosoever commands the trade  of the world commands the riches of the  world, and consequently the world itself", demonstrating European values of wealth and power during exploration of Asia

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Philippine official Hernando de los Ríos Coronel told of how Filipino seamen deserted their ships and turned a profit making palm wine along the coast of Mexico, being so popular that it threatened the sales of Castilian wine.

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1619 Filipinos arrive in Mexico with Palm wine [Kelly Chow]

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1619 Filipinos arrive in Mexico with Palm wine [Kelly Chow]

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Filipino seamen found out they could make a profit off of making wine along the coast of Mexico. This threatened import of Castilian wine and the health of the natives that were prone to drink.

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One Portuguese ship left the port of Bengal with rice, oil, textiles, and slaves in its hold on its way to Malacca and Manila.

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Asian Slaves were emancipated in New Spain.

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When Mirrha-Catarina de San Juan died her devotees changed her former homes into shrines. Crowds of people, along with many prominent members of the colonial Mexican society attended her funeral. Mirrha was also nominated for sainthood by the Jesuit order, which was later rejected by the church.

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1697 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri's book [Kelly Chow]

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1697 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri's book [Kelly Chow]

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The adventurer and traveler wrote about the passage and it's horrible conditions but Asian crewmembers received half the rations compared to the Spanish crewmembers and were sometimes never paid.

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In 1700 Asian slave trade was prohibited by a royal order. The royal order had a significant impact on slave trade as the number of Asians transported for transpacific slave trade dropped enormously.

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Britain was the world’s leading colonizer and its East India Company exported goods  from  the  Indian  subcontinent  and  China  to  the  rest  of  the  world.  As  a  result,  the  American colonies, and later the new United States, became increasingly connected to Asia and Asian goods. Eventually, Asian immigrants followed.

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Francisco Leandro de Viana, a Spanish official in Manila, praised Filipino sailors for their skill at handling ships sea in a letter to the Spanish King; he told of how they maneuver around a ship effortlessly and are extremely quick to pick up on seafaring knowledge and terms.

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In a memorial to the Spanish King, Francisco Leandro de Viana, a Spanish official in Manila praised the Filipino sailors saying that all of them have a great inclination for the sea, they are agile in maneuvers on the ship, and how quickly they learn nautical terms.

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In 1769 California was established as a province and territory in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Among the first settlers in this province were Filipinos, other settlers were mostly servants, sailors, and slaves which mostly came later in the following centuries.

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People became fascinated with Asian goods that there became a “China-mania” for porcelains, fabrics and tea. Besides that, drinking tea became part of their past time, them culture. The Tea Act of 1773 allowed British-owned East India company to import tea directly to them and maintain taxes which led to the Boston Tea Party.

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The Harriet was the first ship to sail from United States to China. The Harriet carried North American ginseng and traded for tea. The ship's voyage was part of the United State's newfound independence from Great Britain. The Harriet's voyage was a commercial success and would mark the beginning of a very lucrative trading partnership.

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On February 22, the Empress of China set sail from New York to Canton( current day Guangzhou) on a U.S Vessel  under the United State Flag for a 15 month voyage. Ship returned with teas, silks and other goods

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Chinese laborers were brought to Trinidad as planters wanted to experiment with Asian laborers in the colonies. This would create a precedent for future Asian laborers being imported to work on plantations. For the rest of the 19th century, as the slave trade began to be abolished and slaves began to be freed, the demand for cheap laborers would continue to drive the need for Asian laborers.

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Great Britain and the U.S abolished slavery. Once slavery was outlawed there was a labor shortage. According to Lee (2016, 28), planters, labor, recruiters, and politicians turned to china and India to help make up for this shortage.

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Several hundred Chinese tea growers are taken to Brazil by the Portuguese.

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“Poblanas,” a nineteenth-century painting of La China Poblana

(the Chinese girl from Puebla), by Carl Nebel (1829).

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Afong Moy or known as “beautiful Chinese lady”, was brought to New York through a US-China trading vessel Washington. She was placed in an exhibit place that recreated the “Chinese saloon”. As news traveled fast, many sought to see an exotic traveler from the Far East, which they paid to see her covered in Chinese furniture and paintings.

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November 1834 - First recorded Chinese woman arrived in the United States [Kelly Chow]

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November 1834 - First recorded Chinese woman arrived in the United States [Kelly Chow]

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She arrived in New York with two brothers and brought along new Chinese goods. She was advertised as a "beautiful Chiense Lady" and helped attract buyers which helped them secure an exhibit space where they recreated the "Chinese Saloon".

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The formal end of British slavery in 1834 placed the West Indies’ sugar economies in a precarious situation. Freed  Blacks left the plantations in droves to find other occupations,  purchase small plots of land,  and even organize to bargain for higher wages and better working conditions.  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  and  British  Guiana

experienced the greatest losses. Large numbers of freed men and women continued to work as wage laborers on sugar plantations,  but planters complained that they insisted on working shorter hours and fewer days.  Sugar production fell drastically, and a number of plantations shut down.

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In 1838, the first indentured laborers from South Asia arrived in British Guiana. More than half a million South Asians were brought to the Caribbean over the next seventy-nine years.

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The first group of 396 Asian indentured laborers arrived in May of 1838 in British Guiana and were subsequently known as the “Gladstone coolies.”  These workers were brought due to the demand of labor and faced abuse while working.

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The earliest documented settlement dates back to the 1840s, when the Filipino fishing village of St. Malo, near the mouth of Lake Borgne in Louisiana, was founded.

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1847 was the first year that Chinese were sent to Cuba as part of the coolie trade.

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1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold along the American River in northern California. Gold seekers from around the world swept into California, and the Gold Rush was on. The news took some time to reach China, but once it did, it spread like fire.

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Beginning of the influx of 90,000 Chinese men entering Peru as coolies

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1854: People v. Hall determines that Chinese people cannot testify against white defendants (Lucia Yanez)

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1854: People v. Hall determines that Chinese people cannot testify against white defendants (Lucia Yanez)

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With hate crimes against Asian Americans skyrocketing during the pandemic, many choose the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act as a historic marker for how they are treated in the U.S. Rather, it is the notorious 1854 California Supreme Court case of People v Hall. George Hall had been convicted of murder through the testimony of three Chinese eyewitnesses. On appeal, the court disqualified the testimony. California banned specific groups (“Negros, blacks, Indians, and mullatoes”) from testifying against whites, but “Chinese” was not included. This judge became legislator by interpreting, through his convoluted logic, that the Chinese were “Indian” and/or “Black.” The opinion spewed vile racism citing the eminent threat that if Chinese people can testify against whites, they would become full equal citizens. This marks the beginning of how discrimination against Asians became the norm.

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A new was established that required ships sailing abroad to contain 33 women to every 100 men. According to Lee (2016, 30), the women who boarded the ships needed to pass a morality test to prove that they were moral.

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1858- Establishing Havana's Chinatown-Alexander Hoang 

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1858- Establishing Havana's Chinatown-Alexander Hoang 

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Chung Leng and Lan Si Ye open up a cafe and grocery store in Havana (1858) being the first and thus setting the path for more businesses to open.

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The Chinese coolie system prompted a global debate over race and labor that would shape Chinese immigration to the United States.

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After the gold rush, only a few hundred white men applied to work on the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad so the Central Pacific Director hired 21 Chinese men. They began working in January of 1864. The Chinese men made significantly less money and endured harsh and dangerous working conditions. They didn't have many work opportunities at the time so they were willing to do back breaking labor that the white men refused to do. By 1866 90% of their workforce was Chinese.

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Henry Whitney (editor of The Pacific Commercial Advertiser newspaper) organized the first meetings against the Chinese immigration during this year

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The transcontinental railroad was completed.

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Both railroads were connected in Promontory Summit.

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End of the influx of 90,000 Chinese men entering Peru as coolies

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The Chinese became a threat to American laborers because they became an importance part of the the work force of California. They were the ones who did manufacturing, agriculture and construction and the Americans felt that they were going to take over their work.

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1876 -Peru China Treaty - Alexander Hoang 

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1876 -Peru China Treaty - Alexander Hoang 

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Peru and China are able to reach a treaty where Chinese laborers under indenture would be freed from their contracts.

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Spain and China signed a treaty terminating all contracts of Chinese laborers still under indenture in Cuba and established a Chinese consulate general in Cuba to protect the interests of Chinese still there.

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With the emerging of different asians coming to migrate to the US to achieve their “American Dream”, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was created in fear of that Asians are a huge threat to American’s social, economic, political wellbeing, which has turned America into a “gatekeeping nation”.

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Yick wo v.s Hopkins

They took their fight to the court of the United States for equal protection under the law regardless of their race.

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Tape v. Hurley.
Mamie Tape was born in America to Chinese immigrant parents. When she was 8 years old her mother Mary tried to enroll her in a white school. The principal denied her entry due to her being of Chinese descent. Her parents took the principal to court to fight for her right to have access to the same education as the white children. They won the court case, however there were no laws against having schools that were "separate but equal". Thus even though Mamie had won her case, she ended up attending a Chinese school that was built shortly after.

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John Bigler, a California governor, set in motion for the first attempt from California to stop Asian immigration by signing a bill that taxed any owner or master of a ship that brought the Asian immigrants to the state

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September 2nd of 1885 was known to be the Rockspring Massacre that resulted in 28 Chinese being killed, 15 left wounded, and 79 homes set ablaze; all thrown onto the fire. The Rockspring Massacre was caused by a disagreement over white coal miners forcing Chinese workers to participate in a strike for higher wages, which they refused and it angered the American miners.
- Denise Policarpio

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Mob of 500 armed men went to Tacoma, Washington and forced all 800-900 Chinese residents out of the city.

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Scott Act- Second law that imposed further restrictions . The laborers who returned to China were forbidden to reenter US unless they had wives, children, parents, property, or debts in excess of $1000 there.

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The 1875 Page Act barred Asian women suspected of prostitution as well as Asian laborers transported to the country as contract laborers.

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1891, south Asian labor in west indies (Seung Chan Cho)

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1891, south Asian labor in west indies (Seung Chan Cho)

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Argued March 5, 8, 1897 Decided March 28, 1898: United States v. Wong Kim Ark: determined the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted birthright citizenship to all persons born in the United States regardless of race or nationality

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The Philippines becomes a US colony.

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United States v. Wong Kim Ark
The Supreme court rules that children of Chinese descent who are born in America are U.S. citizens at birth. This was a historic win for the families of Chinese immigrants due to the fact that the Chinese Exclusion act had prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens themselves. Their children would not have to endure the same obstacle.

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1905-1906: Chinese businesspeople boycott American goods

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1905-1906: Chinese businesspeople boycott American goods

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In 1905, businesspeople in Shanghai and Guangzhou organized a boycott of U.S. products. At the time, the racist Chinese Exclusion Act barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States, but American immigration officials often turned back even those Chinese whom the law allowed in: merchants, students and diplomats. Inspired by growing Chinese nationalism, the boycott sought to change this frustrating situation.The boycott did prompt some improvements in the treatment of Chinese immigrants but eventually fizzled in 1906.

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1905 Anna May Wong was born (Seung Chan Cho)

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1905 Anna May Wong was born (Seung Chan Cho)

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Anna May Wong, was an American actress, considered to be the first Chinese American Hollywood movie star, paved the way for Asian American representation for western media

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The San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California.

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Angel Island Station opened. It was the main point of entry for all Asian immigrants. Angel Island was very different from Ellis Island.

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By  1920,  the entire indenture system was abolished and outstanding indentures were terminated. In  1917,  the  Indian government suspended emigration altogether.

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"Defensive frontier" psyche is shown in a memorial written by James J. Sexton, which advocates for the exclusion of Japanese immigrants from leasing rights on the Yakima Indian Reservation.
"We are rapidly approaching the following condition throughout the West: Either the Jap must leave, or the white man will have to live [sic]. The white man cannot live in competition with the Jap. Are you going to allow the future inhabitant of Our West to be a Mongolian, or a Hybred [sic].Will you save America for the American; if so we urge you and request you to use all possible influence to put a stop to the leasing of lands to the Japanese either directly or through renegade white men."

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In 1922 Anna May Wong has her first leading roll in the movie The Toll of the Sea. This is the first time Chinese Americans have representation on the silver screen. Unfortunately, throughout her career Anna May is cast in stereotypical roles often having to play as an evil Asian villain.

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Bhagat Singh Thind Case: Bhagat claimed to be white. However, the court declared that he was not white enough . After the court ruled that he was not white enough, many South Asians lost their land and citizenship.

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1924: The Immigration Act (Asseel Alnuaimi)

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1924: The Immigration Act (Asseel Alnuaimi)

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The Immigration Act of 1924 explicitly excluded “aliens ineligible to citizenship,” a reference to all Asians. The main victims of this law were Asian American women who married Asian male immigrants. Once a woman lost her citizenship, her rights to own property, vote, and travel freely were also revoked.

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Luce-Celler Act of 1946- Alexander Hoang 

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Luce-Celler Act of 1946- Alexander Hoang 

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This act specifically allowed people indigenous to India and the Phillipines to become citizens of the US. This is one of the early acts helping to end the exclusion of Asian Americans and helped pave the way for more immigration rights.

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After World War II, the US outlawed racial discrimination through the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, racial violence and discrimination continues to this day.

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Wars in Southeast Asia led to a large influx of Asian immigrants to the US West, diversifying the US's population of Asian Americans
Anh Ha

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Civil unrest and mourning due to the verdict of the Rodney King case in Koreatown led to the perpetuation of the model minority myth and division between Asian Americans and Black Americans

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The U.S. Postal Services and the Bureau of Immigration uncovered a plan to bring undocumented Japanese immigrants into the country through Mexican border.

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The U.S. Postal Services and the Bureau of Immigration uncovered a plan to bring undocumented Japanese immigrants into the country through Mexican border.

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British Colombia experienced a sudden increase. Government reports listed 11,440 Asians including 8,125.