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https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/blondes-powerful-women-forbes_uk_59b79a60e4b027c149e1f446

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Eileen Carey, a female CEO working in Silicon Valley, confessed she dyed her naturally blonde hair brown to be taken more seriously by her colleagues.

Carey told the BBC that she was advised to change her appearance by another woman in venture capital who told her to go from blonde to brunette as it would mean she'd be less likely to be hit on and more likely to move up the professional ladder.

We're all for women doing whatever makes them feel comfortable, so dying your hair should be a choice, not something necessary to get ahead as proven by these hugely successful blonde women featured on Forbes list of the most powerful women in the world.

Gwynne Shotwell

Gwynne Shotwell is the COO and President of Space X, a US corporation providing space transportation to the government - as well as commercial customers.

Susan Wojcicki

Susan Wojcicki is the CEO of YouTube, which is now worth an estimated $90 billion. She was named among Forbes most powerful women at number 8.

"As tech leader who also happens to be a woman, I am frustrated by continued stories of gender discrimination in our field."

Meg Whitman

Meg Whitman is the CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise and is best known for taking eBay from $5.7millin to $8 billion in sales as their CEO from 1998-2008.

Ginni Rometty

Ginni Rometty is the CEO, chairman and president at IMB, an enterprise she has been with for 35 years. She is 11th on Forbes most powerful women list.

Angela Ahrendts

Angela Ahrendts is the senior vice president of retail and online stores at Apple Inc., having been recruited from Burberry as the fashion house's previous CEO. Ahrendts is credited for saving Burberry from total collapse during her time at its helm.

Marissa Mayer

Marissa Mayer was the president and CEO at Yahoo! Inc. until mid June 2017. She also spent 13 years at Google, where she is believed to have made most of her fortune as one of its first employees.

Hillary Clinton

The former presidential candidate is tour de force in politics, being the first and only former First Lady to run for public office. She was also the first woman to be elected senator for New York and the first female democratic nominee for US president. She ranked number two on the list of Forbes' most powerful women.

Mary Barra

Mary Barra is the CEO and chairman of General Motors having been with the company for 36 years. She ranked as number six on the list of Forbes' most powerful women.

Frederica Mogherini

Frederica Mogherini is the foreign minister who works on behalf of 5 million people as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign affairs and Security Policy. That's quite a title - and responsibility.

Style Writer

uk style Beauty hair forbes Angela Ahrendts

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These Powerful Fair-Haired Women Prove Blondes Are Taken Seriously In The Professional World

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Eileen Carey, a female CEO working in Silicon Valley, confessed she dyed her naturally blonde hair brown to be taken more seriously by her colleagues. Carey told the BBC that she was advised to change her appearance by another woman in venture capital who told her to go from blonde to brunette as it would mean she'd be less likely to be hit on and more likely to move up the professional ladder.

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Move over, Sherlock Holmes ― the girl geniuses have arrived. These days, some of the smartest characters from kids' movies, TV shows and books are female. And with research ― published in 2017 ― indicating that girls start underestimating their own intelligence by the age of 6, it's clear that brainy media role models matter. A lot.

Despite high-IQ heroines such as Princess Leia and Lisa Simpson, female characters are overwhelmingly focused on looks and appearance and often more concerned with love and romance than academic or career goals. Studies have demonstrated the significant ways that TV, movies and other media influence body image and gender stereotypes, as do the high percentage of hypersexualized female characters in kids' media ― even in cartoons. Thankfully, though, there are so many awesome female characters out there charting a new path.

We've compiled this list of some of the brightest and brainiest female characters from movies, TV and books. These 13 gals are great examples of positive media role models for girls ― and for boys, too. After all, where would Harry Potter be without Hermione? No matter their gender, kids will love watching and reading about these female brainiacs. And when they're done, they can check out some of our other favorite female role models from movies, TV and books.

Calpurnia Tate. Even as she struggles with the limited roles available to her as a girl growing up in 1899, 12-year-old Callie demonstrates exceptional curiosity for science and the natural world. She rescues animals and aspires to be a veterinarian in two book series aimed at middle-grade as well as younger readers.

Hermione Granger. It's impossible to imagine the Harry Potter books and movies without this intelligent young witch who knows all the answers (or hits the library to figure them out). The ultimate smart girl, Hermione uses her brains and her books to help defeat Voldemort and ace her classes while she's at it.

Leia Organa. Otherwise known as Princess Leia, this Resistance general uses her strategic mind and unfaltering sense of justice to bring peace back to a galaxy far, far away. She's as comfortable leading a mission to destroy the Death Star as she is repairing a spaceship. And not to mention, her leadership helped inspire a few other smart Star Wars women: Rey and Jyn Erso.

Annabeth Chase. It's no surprise that the daughter of Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, would be a genius. Annabeth is clever, brave, and analytical, with a wide variety of skills ranging from designing buildings to weaving. A master strategist, she frequently uses her intelligence to help her friends in the Percy Jackson book series and movies.

Violet Baudelaire. This mechanically minded 14-year-old uses her sharp intellect to get herself and her siblings out of a number of sticky spots in A Series of Unfortunate Events, a book series that has been made into a movie and a Netflix series. Violet is also a natural inventor who creates grappling hooks, lock picks, signaling devices, and more from seemingly random parts.

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The 13 Brainiest Female Characters From Movies, Books And TV

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Move over, Sherlock Holmes ― the girl geniuses have arrived. These days, some of the smartest characters from kids' movies, TV shows and books are female. And with research ― published in 2017 ― indicating that girls start underestimating their own intelligence by the age of 6, it's clear that brainy media role models matter.

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Engaging
Vivacious

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You can upload the word doc of your essay here, or paste the entire essay into the card.

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Ditzy
Airhead
Dumb
Silly
Naive

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Blonde stereotypes are stereotypes of blond-haired women. Sub-types of this stereotype include the " blonde bombshell" and the "dumb blonde". Blondes are stereotyped as more desirable and less intelligent than brunettes. There are many blonde jokes made on these premises. Although chiefly aimed at women, jokes of this style have also been aimed at similar stereotypes associated with men, such as the " dumb jock" and the " surfer dude".

The blonde bombshell is one of the most notable and consistently popular female character types in cinema. Many showbiz stars have used it to their advantage, including Jean Harlow, Marlene Dietrich, Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, Brigitte Bardot and Mamie Van Doren.

There are several aspects to the stereotypical perception of blonde- haired women. On one hand, over history, blonde hair in women has often been considered attractive and desirable. Blonde hair has been considered attractive for long periods of time in various European cultures, particularly when coupled with blue eyes. This perception is exploited in culture and advertising.

In contemporary popular culture, it is often stereotyped that men find blonde women more attractive than women with other hair colors. For example, Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Blondes are often assumed to have more fun; for example, in a Clairol commercial for hair colorant, they use the phrase "Is it true blondes have more fun?" Some women have reported they feel other people expect them to be more fun-loving after having lightened their hair. In much of the Americas, such as in North America, the blonde stereotype is also associated with being less serious or less intelligent. However, an analysis of IQ data carried out by the National Longitudinal Surveys on a survey database of American " baby boomers" (NLSY79 data), the natural blonde women in this population category (excluding African American and Hispanic persons) have a slightly higher mean IQ than brunettes, black and red haired women.

On the other hand, a blonde woman is often perceived as making little use of intelligence and as a "woman who relies on her looks rather than on intelligence." At the same time, people tend to presume that blondes are less serious-minded and less intelligent than brunettes, as reflected in "blonde jokes". The root of this notion may be traced to Europe, with the "dumb blonde" in question being a French courtesan named Rosalie Duthé, satirised in a 1775 play Les Curiosités de la Foire for her habit of pausing a long time before speaking, appearing not only stupid but literally dumb (in the sense of mute). The latter stereotype of "dumb blonde" is exploited in blonde jokes. In Brazil, this extends to blonde women being looked down upon, as reflected in sexist jokes, as also sexually licentious.

Alfred Hitchcock preferred to cast blonde women for major roles in his films as he believed that the audience would suspect them the least, comparing them to "virgin snow that shows up the bloody footprints", hence the term "Hitchcock blonde". This stereotype has become so ingrained that it has spawned counter-narratives, such as in the 2001 film Legally Blonde, in which Reese Witherspoon succeeds at Harvard Law School despite biases against her beauty and blonde hair, and terms such as cookie-cutter blonde (CCB), implying standardized blonde looks and standard perceived social and intelligence characteristics of a blonde. Many actors and actresses in Latin America and Hispanic United States have blonde hair and blue eyes and/or pale skin, such as Christina Aguilera and Shakira.

Annette Kuhn divides blonde stereotypes in cinema into three categories in The Women's Companion to International Film:

The "ice-cold blonde": Kuhn defined it as "a blonde who hides a fire beneath an exterior of coldness". She provided Grace Kelly, Veronica Lake, Kim Novak, Mae Murray, and Eva Marie Saint as examples.

The "blonde bombshell": Kuhn defined it as "a blonde with explosive sexuality and is available to men at a price". She provided Brigitte Bardot, Lana Turner, Jean Harlow, Joan Blondell, Mae West, Barbara Eden, Marilyn Monroe, and Diana Dors as examples.

The "dumb blonde": Kuhn defined it as "a blonde with an overt and natural sexuality and a profound manifestation of ignorance". She provided Jayne Mansfield, Marion Davies, Alice White, Marie Wilson, and Mamie Van Doren as examples.

In cognitive linguistics, the stereotype uses expressivity of words to affect an emotional response which determines a gender role of a certain kind. In feminist critique, stereotypes like the blonde bombshell or the "dumb blonde" are seen as negative images that undermine the power of women.

Blonde bombshell

The blonde bombshell is a gender stereotype that connotes a very attractive woman with blonde hair. A review of English language tabloids from the United Kingdom has shown it to be a recurring blonde stereotype, along with "busty blonde" and "blonde babe".

Jean Harlow started the stereotype with her film . Following her, Monroe, Mansfield and Van Doren helped establish the stereotype typified by a combination of curvaceous physique, very light-colored hair and a perceived lack of intelligence. During the 1950s, the blonde bombshell started to replace the Femme fatale as the mainstream media stereotype. Marjorie Rosen, the historian of women in films, says of the two top blonde bombshells of the time that " Mae West, firing off vocal salvos with imperious self-assurance, and Jean Harlow, merchandising her physical allure for the masses, transformed the idea of passive female sexuality into an aggressive statement of fact". In 1993, Sharon Stone hosted a documentary about Jean Harlow, Harlow: The Blonde Bombshell.

Dumb blonde

The notion of "dumb blonde" has been a topic of academic research reported in scholarly articles and university symposia, which tend to confirm that many people hold to the perception that light-haired women are less intelligent than women with dark hair. While there is no evidence that suggests that blondes are less intelligent than other people, it has been suggested that the state of being blond creates opportunities that do not require investing in education and training. It is believed the first recorded "dumb blonde" was an 18th-century blonde French courtesan named Rosalie Duthé whose reputation of being beautiful and dumb, even in the literal sense of not talking much, inspired a play about her called Les Curiosités de la Foire (Paris 1775).

A possible explanation is that attractive women have less pressing incentives to cultivate and demonstrate their intellect to ensure their future, since attractiveness is an asset, or correlatively that intelligent women have less pressing incentives to dye their hair to a presumed attractive color. The validity of this explanation is corroborated by its applicability to a similar pervasiveness of the " dumb athlete" stereotype. The dumb blonde stereotype (and the associated cognitive bias) may have some negative consequences and it can also damage a blonde person's career prospects.

Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1925) by Anita Loos originated as a comic novel and explores the appeal of blonde women. It spawned a musical on Broadway, and two films released in 1928 and 1953. The Encyclopedia of Hair describes Marilyn Monroe's blonde role in the second film as that of "a fragile woman who relied on her looks rather than on intelligence-what some people refer to as 'dumb blonde'." At the same time, in the film she demonstrates a certain amount of wit regarding her life position expressed in the song " Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". Madonna emulated that screen-persona of Monroe in her music video Material Girl.

Many blonde actresses have played stereotypical "dumb blondes", including Monroe (dyed blonde), Judy Holliday, Jayne Mansfield (dyed blonde), Carol Wayne and Goldie Hawn. Goldie Hawn is best known as the giggling "dumb blonde", stumbling over her lines, especially when she introduced Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In "News of the Future". In the American sitcom Three's Company the blonde girl (originally Chrissy, played by Suzanne Somers, and later Cindy and Terri) is sweet and naïve, while the brunette ( Janet, played by Joyce DeWitt) is smart.

Country music star Dolly Parton who recorded a song called " Dumb Blonde", famously said that dumb blonde jokes about her doesn't offend her because, "I know I am not dumb, and I am not blonde."

There is a category of jokes called "blonde jokes" that employs the dumb blonde stereotype. It overlaps at times with other jokes that portray the subject of the joke as promiscuous and/or stupid. Some blonde jokes rely on sexual humour to portray or stereotype their subjects as promiscuous. Many of these are rephrased sorority girl or Essex girl jokes, much as other jokes about dumb blondes are based on long-running ethnic jokes. Many of these jokes are mere variants on traditional ethnic jokes or jests about other identifiable groups (such as Italian jokes involving Carabinieri, Sardarji jokes or Pathan jokes). Similar jokes about stereotyped minorities have circulated since the seventeenth century with only the wording and targeted groups changed.

Blonde jokes have been criticized as sexist by several authors, as most blondes in these jokes are female, although male variations also exist. In fact, dumb blonde jokes are overwhelmingly female-specific: according to an extensive search in various publications and on the Internet, about 63% of dumb blonde jokes are directed exclusively at females (compared to less than 5% that directly referenced dumb blond men). Research indicates that because of this, men report being amused by blonde jokes significantly more than women do. The fact that most of these jokes target the invariably dim-witted, and sexually promiscuous, female makes them even more sexist. In the 20th century, a class of meta-jokes about blondes (i.e. jokes about blonde jokes) has emerged. In a typical plot of this type, a blonde complains about the unfairness of the stereotype propagated by blonde jokes, with a punch line actually reinforcing the stereotype.

In a November 16, 2011 article titled " Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles", media critic Tucker Cummings cited several TV shows that featured a "classic war between blonde and brunette love interests", including (where lighter haired Pam Beesly competes with brunette Karen Filipelli for the attention of Jim Halpert), (where blonde Jenny Griffith competes with brunette Rachel Zane for the attention of Mike Ross), and (where blonde Rita Bennent and brunette Lila West compete for the affections of Dexter Morgan, the main character). Typically, she wrote, "... the blonde (is) stable, and typifies the 'girl next door,' while (the) ... brunette, is haughty, and a bit more exotic." In Archie comics, Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge have been engaged in a mostly friendly competition for over 70 years.

A number of studies have been conducted over the years to measure society's attitude toward blondes and brunettes. Many of the studies have shown that men, especially those of European descent, find blonde women more attractive than brunettes, redheads, or women of other races who had darker hair, eyes, or complexion. A Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight.

In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair color "absolutely" plays a role in the way people are treated and claimed that numerous studies had shown that blonde women were paid higher salaries than other women. In a study by Diana J. Kyle and Heike I. M. Mahler (1996), the researchers asked subjects to evaluate photographs of the same woman with "natural" (not dyed) looking brown, red, and blonde hair in the context of a job application for an accounting position. The researchers found that the blonde-haired applicant was rated as significantly less capable than her brunette counterpart. In addition, participants designated the female applicant's starting salary as significantly lower when she was depicted as a blonde than when she was shown with brown hair.

A study that looked at the CEOs of the Financial Times Stock Exchange's (FTSE) top 500 companies investigated how hair color could be a potential barrier to professional success. In another study by Brian Bates, two sets MBA graduates were given the same Curriculum vitae of the same women split between two sets of attached photos - blonde and brunette. The brunette was considered more for a managerial position and for a higher salary. A 2011 University of Westminster study evaluated how men perceived women who entered a London nightclub as a blonde or a brunette. The study, published in the Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, used the same woman and had her dye her hair a different color for each visit. The results showed that, as a blonde, she was more likely to be approached for conversation than as a brunette. However, when the researchers interviewed the men who spoke to her, the men rated her more intelligent and attractive as a brunette than as a blonde.

French magazine believes that the rivalry is more prevalent in the United States. In a 2012 article, Le Monde argued that American TV has almost, without exception, characterized blonde women as having the positive values of purity, goodness, and sincerity, frequently at the expense of their brunette counterparts. The article provided several examples including (where Samantha, the blonde witch, displays a sense of tolerance while her dark haired cousin Serena plays the wild one), (where blonde Krystal pitted against brunette Alexis), and (in both the original series in 1984 and the remake in 2009 shows an intelligent, humanistic blonde battling a brunette leader of the alien cannibals).

In Russia, according to a 2011 survey by the Southern Federal University, brunettes are considered more attractive than blondes. It is important to note that among the respondents in this study were 50% men and 50% women.

One theory forwards, as an explanation, the concept the feminization of blond hair, which can be seen by the overwhelming association of the dumb blond persona with females. This idea draws on the stereotype that females have a lower psychometric intelligence than males.

At the same time, there are many examples where the stereotype is exploited only to combat it. The film Legally Blonde starring Reese Witherspoon featured the stereotype as a centrepiece of its plot. However, the protagonist turns out to be very intelligent and is shown to have been underachieving due to society's low expectations of her.

Country music entertainer Dolly Parton, aware of this occasional characterization of her, addressed it in her 1967 hit " Dumb Blonde". Parton's lyrics challenged the stereotype, stating "just because I'm blonde, don't think I'm dumb 'cause this dumb blonde ain't nobody's fool". Parton has said she was not offended by "all the dumb- blonde jokes because I know I'm not dumb. I'm also not blonde."

The author of the comic strip , Chic Young, starting with "Dumb Dora", gradually transformed the titular character into a smart, hard-working, family-oriented woman.

In The Simpsons episode " To Surveil with Love" Lisa faces prejudice with her brunette peers because of her blonde hair. She dyes her hair dark brown to prove her point that not all blondes are dumb, and that people need to look past stereotypes.[citation needed ]

1. Stephanie Ann Smith, ^ Household Words, page 76, University of Minnesota Press, 2006, ISBN 9780816645534

2. ^ Victoria Sherrow. Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history. Page 149

3. ^

Quinonez, Ernesto (June 19, 2003). "Y Tu Black Mama Tambien". Newsweek.

Hernandez, Al Carlos (October 24, 2010). "Blonde, Blue-Eyed, Euro-Cute Latinos on Spanish TV". LatinoLA.

Salas, Sarah. "What are Telenovelas?". Bella Online.

Fletcher, Michael A. (August 6, 2000). "Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-language Tv". Sun-Sentinel - via The Washington Post.

Jones, Vanessa E. (August 19, 2004). "Pride or Prejudice?". The Boston Globe.

"Film Description-Corpus". PBS.

4. Danuta Walters, Suzanna (1995), "From images of women to woman as image", in Danuta Walters, Suzanna (ed.), Material girls: making sense of feminist cultural theory, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 44, ISBN 9780520089785.

5. ^ Myra Marx Ferree, Judith Lorber and Beth B. Hess, Revisioning Gender, page 226, Rowman Altamira, 1999, ISBN 9780761906179

6. ^ "bombshell American English definition and synonym - Macmillan Dictionary".

7. ^ Jordan, Jessica Hope (2009). The Sex Goddess In American Film 1930-1965: Jean Harlow, Mae West, Lana Turner and Jayne Mansfield. Cambria Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-60497-663-2.

8. "Despite the Dumb Jokes, Stereotypes May Reflect Some Smart Choices"

9. Karen Ross, The Handbook of Gender, Sex and Media, chapter 6, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 9781118114223

10. Giselinde Kuipers, Good Humor, Bad Taste: A Sociology of the Joke, page 24, Walter de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 9783110186154

11. ^ Blundy, Anna (2007-08-22). "We blondes face prejudice every day of our lives - No other minority would stand for this cruel stereotyping". Spectator, the (Romford): 18-19. ISSN 0038-6952.

12. Limor Shifman, Dafna Lemish, ^ "Virtually Blonde: Blonde Jokes in the Global Age and Postfeminist Discourse", in: The Handbook of Gender, Sex and Media

13. ^ Cummings, Tucker (November 16, 2011) "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles." Yahoo.com Retrieved May 6, 2012. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-12.

14. Goulart, Ronald (1986) ^ Ron Goulart's Great History of Comic Books: The Definitive Illustrated History from the 1890s to the 1980s. Chicago: Contemporary Books. Pages 248-249

15. Simpson, Jeffry A. and Douglas T. Kenrick (1997) ^ Evolutionary Social Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Taylor and Francis, pages 109-140

16. Feinman, S., & Gill, G. W. (1978). "Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences". ^ Journal of Social Psychology, 105, 43-52.

17. ^ Lynn, Michael, Ph.D., (2009) "Determinants and Consequences of Female Attractiveness and Sexiness: Realistic Tests with Restaurant Waitresses". Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, School of Hotel Administration.

18. Gallagher, Dianne (October 30, 2012). "Blonde vs. Brunette: Does it Determine How You Get Treated?" ^ WCNC, NBC Charlotte, retrieved November 17, 2012 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.

19. ^ Leblin, Arnaud (December 20, 2012) "Semaine des lecteurs - Blondes vs. Brunes" Le Monde. Retrieved April 27, 2013 [4]

20. ^ Petrides, K.V.; Furnham, A.; Martin, G.N. (2004), "Estimates of emotional and psychometric intelligence: Evidence for gender-based stereotypes", The Journal of Social Psychology, 144 (2): 149-162, doi:10.3200/socp.144.2.149-162, PMID 15074503, S2CID 9352035

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Blonde stereotypes are stereotypes of blond-haired women. Sub-types of this stereotype include the " blonde bombshell" and the "dumb blonde". Blondes are stereotyped as more desirable and less intelligent than brunettes. There are many blonde jokes made on these premises.

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Dumb blonde stereotypes are a little played out, no? Platinum Blonde beer doesn't think so. The company just released a series of print ads that displays what happens when dumb blondes try to open beer bottles. Take a look:

The beer, you see, is "very very blonde" according to ad copy.

[h/t Foodbeast]

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PHOTOS: Beer Ads Play Up 'Dumb Blonde' Stereotype

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Dumb blonde stereotypes are a little played out, no? Platinum Blonde beer doesn't think so. The company just released a series of print ads that displays what happens when dumb blondes try to open beer bottles. Take a look: The beer, you see, is "very very blonde" according to ad copy.

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Abstract

Stereotype priming can lead to assimilation or contrast effects on behavior. We argue that self-activation is a moderator of both assimilation and contrast effects. To test this hypothesis, in two studies, we activated independent or interdependent self-knowledge before priming participants with the dumb Blonde stereotype or a control category (Study 1) or no prime (Study 2). Participants then answered a knowledge test. Results support our expectations: Participants presented assimilation under interdependence (i.e., underperformance compared to control group) while they presented no assimilation (i.e., comparable performance with control group in Study 1) and contrast (better performance than control group in Study 2) under independence. We discuss implications of these findings in regards of previous research and recent models such as the Active Self Account [Wheeler, S. C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2005). The roles of the self in priming-to-behavior effects. In A. Tesser, J. V. Wood, & D. A. Stapel (Eds.), On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (pp. 245-271). New York, NY, USA: Psychology Press].

View full text

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Blonde like me: When self-construals moderate stereotype priming effects on intellectual performance

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Stereotype priming can lead to assimilation or contrast effects on behavior. We argue that self-activation is a moderator of both assimilation and contrast effects. To test this hypothesis, in two studies, we activated independent or interdependent self-knowledge before priming participants with the dumb Blonde stereotype or a control category (Study 1) or no prime (Study 2).

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There is a long and diverse literature on gender stereotypes in advertising; however, US practitioners' perspectives on the role and function of stereotypes in advertising remain unknown. Understanding professionals' views on whether and how stereotypes communicate is important for anyone who believes it beneficial to reduce future stereotypical representations. Using qualitative interviews with 42 practitioners, this study detailed seven themes concerning professionals' perceptions of the role and function of stereotypes in advertising, including beliefs that stereotypes are based in truth, are attractive to audiences, communicate quickly, simplify processing, prevent distraction, prevent thinking, and are the obvious solution. Practitioners felt stereotypes were used most appropriately when they were subverted or challenged in advertising messages. Stereotypes were most inappropriate when they reinforced negative perceptions. Four factors believed to drive the use of stereotypes in advertising are discussed.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank the practitioners who volunteered their time and expertise for this study. Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers who provided comments that improved this manuscript. Finally, thanks to the Manship School of Mass Communication for its continued support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

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Stereotypical or just typical: how do US practitioners view the role and function of gender stereotypes in advertisements?

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There is a long and diverse literature on gender stereotypes in advertising; however, US practitioners' perspectives on the role and function of stereotypes in advertising remain unknown. Understanding professionals' views on whether and how stereotypes communicate is important for anyone who believes it beneficial to reduce future stereotypical representations.