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The study of the interplay between international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur.

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a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is though to prevent conflict between them

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A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country

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a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. It has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states

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A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics

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A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries

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A nation of people without a state that it considers home

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a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. (click image)

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a system of government where power is shared (in various arrangements) between a centralized government and various regional authorities.

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A unitary state, as opposed to a federal state like the United States, is a state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government.

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divide or organize (an area) into new political or school districts.

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manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class.

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A physical boundary is a natural barrier between two areas. Rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, and deserts are examples.

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A geometric boundary, or geometric border, is one that is formed by arcs or straight lines irrespective of the physical and cultural features of the land it passes through

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A boundary that is established after the settlement in that area occurred. It developed with the evolution of the culture of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes.

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a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings.

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Superimposed boundaries are drawn on an area by a conquering or colonizing power that ignores existing cultural patterns.

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boundaries between countries have been placed where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of different ethnicites.

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A relic boundary is one that no longer functions but can still be detected on the cultural landscape.

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The Berlin Conference sought to end competition and conflict between European powers during the “Scramble for Africa” by establishing international protocols for colonization.

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: a legal system that was the physical separation of different races into. different geographic areas.

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the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

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The forces that pull people away from each other are called centrifugal forces. Common examples are differing religion or languages, an unstable government, internal conflict, and geographic features that physically divide people

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Centripetal forces unify a state (provide stability, strengthen, bind together, create solidarity)

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Portions of Antarctica are claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. The US and Russia do not have claims to the polar region. 1959 - states may establish research facilities there but no military activity is allowed.

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Irredentism is a political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism. It is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory. This was a particularly powerful force in European history from 1850 to 1945, during the height of European nationalist fervor.

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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.

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a geopolitical hypothesis proposed by British geographer Harold Mackinder that states that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain strength to eventually dominate the world.

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areas, is the key to controlling the World Island. ... Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island.

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: It's a union of some European countries that is based to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation. Considered a superpower because its economy is strong and the Union is large.

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), controversial trade pact signed in 1992 that gradually eliminated most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Purpose: To unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.

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The Soviet Union and seven of its European satellites sign a treaty establishing the Warsaw Pact, a mutual defense organization that put the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states.

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An organization of countries in southeast Asia set up to promote cultural, economic and political development in the region. ASEAN was officially formed in 1967 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.

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Intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by Arctic governments and indigenous people from the Arctic.

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An organization of African states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU; it aims to encourage economic development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members.

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Pro-

Lots of land and potentially lots of coastline.

Variety of climates and people.

Possible access to resources.

Con-

Long, narrow shape promotes isolation.

Difficult to place a capital city.

People are spread out.

Hard to control, enforce laws, and defend borders.

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Pro- Easy, effective communication

Easy to defend

Promotes national unity

Easier to maintain peace
Con- Less land means less resources

High population density

Less farmland and higher agricultural density

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Pros-

Difficult to attack.

Access to a variety of resources.

Cons-

Isolation is promoted.

Difficult to control and maintain peace.

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Pros-

Access to water and important resources

Can separate states that would otherwise share a boundary

More coastline

harder to attack

Cons-

Could be cut off from resources

Can be difficult to control

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Pros-

Harder to attack.

Usually small so good communication within the state that is engulfed.

Isolation

Cons-

Dependency on the surrounding state for trade and importing of goods.

The surrounding state's control and communication is broken up.

The surrounded state has a smaller amount of resources.

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economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

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primary activities involving the subsistence or commercial harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water.

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econdary economic activities involve the processing of raw materials (primary products). Examples would include turning timber into furniture and turning iron-ore into steel.

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Tertiary economic activities are associated with the sale and exchange of manufactured products and raw materials

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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

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The earliest known domesticated wheat, barley, and rice crops are thought to have originated in East Asia about 10,000 years ago.

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The first way humans obtained food. Nomadic groups around the world depended on migratory animals, wild fruit, berries, and roots for sustenance.

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Name given to crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretching from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C. Geographical Information Systems.

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A business that is capital intensive implies one in which higher capital investment is required. Reliant on machinery But in labor-intensive techniques, businesses can only increase production by asking workers to work extra hours or employ more temporary staff for a specified period. Reliant on people/manual labor

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form of pastoralism or nomadism organized around the migration of livestock between mountain pastures in warm seasons and lower altitudes the rest of the year

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The strategy of planting two or more crops in a field at the same time.

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a type of intensive agriculture where two crops are harvested in the same field a year.

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In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.

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Her theory is based on the premise that population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.

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Industrial Revolution's effect on agriculture

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Industrial Revolution's effect on agriculture

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Millions of people migrated from rural areas into cities of England, France, Germany, and the USA, creating enormous new markets for agricultural products from adjacent rural areas.

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Negative Impacts of the Green Revolution

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Negative Impacts of the Green Revolution

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Loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity, diminishing water resources, pollution of underground water, salinity of underground water, increased incidence of human and livestock diseases and global warming are some of the negative impacts of over adoption of agricultural technologies by the farmers to make

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diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.

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The farming of products for sale off the farm. Crop. A yield of a plant that is grown in abundance to be harvested as food, fodder, fuel, or commercial sale.

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The raising of livestock for sale off the farm. For example beef from a cow or eggs from a chicken.

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The mass planting of grain crops such as wheat, barley, and millet. ... Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield.

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the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food.

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This type of agriculture is dominated by perennial plants, each grown for many years. The most well known plants concerned are: cocoa, coffee, coconut, rubber, oil palm, tea… These plants are grown in humid tropical regions in a forested environment.

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non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

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is used to describe the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area. Monoculture has increased in practice in recent years as it allows for easier mechanized harvesting and more efficient large-scale farming.

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A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation which is used in intensive animal farming, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter.

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the expansion of agricultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact.

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Farming engaged in as a large-scale business operation embracing the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and the manufacture of farm machinery, equipment, and supplies.

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Progress in technology and crop yields has made the United States among the most productive agricultural producers in the world. The United States produces about half of the world's corn and 10 percent of its wheat. It also accounts for 20 percent of the globe's beef, pork, and lamb.

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Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are climate change, deforestation, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste.

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. Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

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Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. plant domestication.

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Renewable resource is is produce by nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans. A nonrenewable resource is produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

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use of river segments or artificial bodies of water such as ponds for the raising and harvesting of food products including fish, shellfish, and seaweed.

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is the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means.

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class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good

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the maximum level at which a natural resource can be routinely exploited without long-term depletion.

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refers to the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area. This number can be affected by access to food, water, shelter, and other significant factors.

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Industrialization. the development of industries for the machine production of goods. Industrial Revolution. the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to 1850.

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industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes (not factories); specialty goods (assembled individually or in small quantities) are often produced in this manner.

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include anything to do with the harvesting or mining of raw materials. Fishing is an example of a primary economic activity that goes on throughout the world and has been part of the human economy for thousands of years. Other examples include farming, hunting, mining, and wood chopping.

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economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

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Consist of those businesses and labor specialization that provide services to the general community. They include professionals such as teachers & professors, lawyers, medical officers, clerical and personnel services. Others include professions such as postal services and music.

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quaternary sector describes the knowledge-based part of the economy, which typically includes knowledge-oriented economic sectors such as information technology; media; research and development; information-based services such as information-generation and information-sharing

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The quinary sector is the part of the economy where the top-level decisions are made. This includes the government which passes legislation. It also comprises the top decision-makers in industry, commerce and also the education sector.

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Industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production. (finished product weighs more than the raw materials)

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industries are those whose finished products are lighter/have less volume than inputs. TONS of inputs are used to make small quantities of steel. Metals are very useful for manufacturing because they are (mostly) malleable, durable, and can conduct electricity.

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a place where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another, for example the docks where goods transfer from ship to truck.

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Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established

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A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production

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Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration

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firms do not exercise variations in product characteristics; firms compete and price their products in only one dimension, geographic location.

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A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity.

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The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

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The World Systems Theory, created by Immanuel Wallerstein, divides countries of the world into three groups based on political power, social standing, and economic and technological development.

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Basically, the core countries depend on the periphery for labor and raw materials while the periphery depend on the core for goods. This dependency was created because of colonization.

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Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity and 5) age of high mass consumption.

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The least developed countries is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world.

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A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or more economically developed country, is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Outsourcing is the business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services and create goods that traditionally were performed in-house by the company's own employees and staff. Outsourcing is a practice usually undertaken by companies as a cost-cutting measure.