# data[].attributes.headline
Introduction to Economics Seminar Day 2 - Support Materials

# data[].attributes.subject
Introduction to Economics Seminar Day 2 - Support Materials

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The PDST website www.pdst.ie will be used to keep teachers informed of the most recent information regarding the implementation of the specification and the details of upcoming supports as they are offered.

This section of the Scoilnet website provides teachers with access to the support material used by PDST at their CPD events. To register for an upcoming PDST event, visit the PDST event page.

Full Day Workshops/Seminars

These full-day workshops/seminars were offered in locations across the country this year and more workshops/seminars will be offered as this specification is embedded in schools. The content of these days is based on the needs of teachers which become evident over time.

Webinars

Webinars will build on a specific idea which was explored in the full day seminars in order to further inform teachers about that idea but also to allow the teacher to further explore the topic at their own pace.

Webinar 4

The Economics of Sustainable Development
The focus of this webinar centres on the components of sustainable development carefully mapped to the Leaving Certificate Economics Specification and looks at how the study of economics can help assist sustainable development into the future. Dr Lisa Ryan, Assistant Professor of Energy Economics, School of Economics UCD presents a useful toolkit to assess sustainable development with particular emphasis on
- Market failures and externalities
- Policy instrument design
-Benefit-cost analysis

The webinar also features ideas for research topics for economists with a host of links, data and useful information
Economics Webinar 4 Support Materials
Economics of Sustainable Development Presentation Slides

School Support Visits

The PDST school support service is available to all teachers of Economics whereby an advisor can be requested to visit the school and work with teachers on site in relation to supporting the implementation of the new specification. This service depends on the capacity of the team and may not be available for every school in the country.To avail of school based support for Economics: Follow this link to PDST online form.

Either your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Scoilnet.ie works best with JavaScript enabled.
Add a resource

To get the best possible experience using our website we recommend that you upgrade to a newer version or other web browser.
Upgrade your browser now

What you need...

To register for a Scoilnet Account you will need to have a Teaching Council number and a roll number for your school in Ireland.

If you already have a Scoilnet Account then you can sign in here.

The benefits...

A Scoilnet account will allow you to upload your resources or weblinks to Scoilnet as well as enabling you to share and add resources to a favourites listing. Users who have a Scoilnet Account will also be able to fully access Scoilnet Maps and Census@School from home.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Official education portal of the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland. Curriculum focused resources and support for primary and post primary teachers.

# data[].attributes.body
Project and Practical Coursework Section

# data[].attributes.headline
The Research Study- Building on Experience Webinar

# data[].attributes.subject
The Research Study- Building on Experience Webinar

# data[].attributes.headline
The Research Study- Building on Experience Resources

# data[].attributes.subject
The Research Study- Building on Experience Resources

# data[].attributes.headline
Updated Guidelines - The Research study- Building on Experience 

# data[].attributes.subject
Updated Guidelines - The Research study- Building on Experience 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
View the interactive image by Regina Casey

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Information note on Coursework in new specifications 2021 EV p9 Economics

# data[].attributes.body
Economics HL Marking Scheme 2021 - Research study rubric on pages 36-38

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Quarterly Bulletin

Central Bank of Ireland's latest Quarterly Bulletin sees price pressures easing, however the path to lower rates of inflation expected to be gradual and uneven.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Central Bank of Ireland | Banc Ceannais na hÉireann

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Central Bank of Ireland is responsible for both central banking and financial regulation in Ireland.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This page displays interactive and static data visualisation resources published by researchers in the Oireachtas Library & Research Service (L&RS) and the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The mission of the Economic and Social Research Institute is to advance evidence-based policymaking that supports economic sustainability and social progress in Ireland. ESRI researchers apply the highest standards of academic excellence to challenges facing policymakers, focusing on 10 areas of critical importance to 21st Century Ireland.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
* Transfers of functions across Departments may impact figures and comparison of expenditure across time.
** Figures for Housing expenditure prior to 2020 is amalgamated into 'Additional Departments'.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Where Your Money Goes - Expenditure Data and Graphs broken up by sectors

# data[].attributes.headline
Climate Action Plan - Inquiry Support Materials

# data[].attributes.subject
Climate Action Plan - Inquiry Support Materials

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Census of Agriculture 2020 - Preliminary Results

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home / Statistics /Census of Agriculture 2020 - Preliminary Results

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Farmers demonstrated in the capital today in protest against the Government's policy on the Common Agricultural Policy and the Climate Action Plan.

Around 100 tractors and other farm equipment were driven in convoy through the city centre.

The Irish Farmers Association warned that if they do not get meaningful engagement from the Government on the issues, they will escalate their campaign.

The convoy of vehicles from farms around the country left the Irish Farm Centre in Bluebell at 1pm and travelled through the city centre passing the Department of Agriculture, the Dáil and Government Buildings, before taking part in a rally in Merrion Square.

This is the third major protest in the Save Irish Farming Campaign since it began last June.

The protest was scaled back significantly in recent days due to the Covid situation and a Garda escort along the route meant the impact on traffic in Dublin city centre was minimal.

But those involved said they wanted to convey to Government the fears among farming families about their future, in particular in relation to the targets for the sector set out in the Climate Action Plan.

The Save Irish Farming campaign converges on Merrion Square for a rally ⁦@rtenews⁩ pic.twitter.com/8YQfCIo84V
- Samantha Libreri (@SamanthaLibreri) November 21, 2021

IFA President Tim Cullinan said the 22% target could result in the loss of 10,000 jobs in the sector.

"The cost to the rural economy could be anything up to €1.2 billion a year. That's a massive cost for rural Ireland. So the Government has to sit up and listen to what we're saying here today. We need a whole of Government approach for a plan around this, a proper plan and the proper funding."

Pat Murphy, a dairy and suckler farmer from Ardrahan in Co Galway, who was joined at the protest by his daughter Aoife and son Padraig, said he took part to raise awareness about the role of the family farm.

Pat Murphy with his children Aoife and Padraig

"We produce foods to the very best environmental standards. And we just want to show the people of Dublin that we as a family produce the food but also send the message to Government that the plans that are in place for the climate change and the nitrates will put our family out of business. We just want small bit of fair play.

"We're very concerned. We all have a lot of investment in our farms and we see our returns dwindling every year. All we want is a chance to continue to produce food to the best way that we can, that we're doing for generations."

Anne Mitchell from Galway echoed those concerns. "The family farm is under threat. If the proposals are implemented there will be up to 55,000 families associated with agriculture out of business. We can't allow that to happen because we are producing the best quality stock in the world, grass based and fed."

Corney Buckley with his grandson Gearoid

Corney Buckley from West Cork took his six-year-old grandson Gearoid to the protest because he said he's concerned about his future.

"We don't disagree with the changes, we just want to make it more practical. We are here today to show that we are willing to support these changes but not to accept them in the way they're being presented to us at the moment.

"I'm concerned for the likes of my grandson, who was very interested in farming. We want to stay farming, we want our children to stay in farming but at the same time we have to do it in a practical way."
Now a time of change for farmers - Coveney
Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney said this is a time of change for farming and it is a challenging time.

Speaking on RTÉ's The Week in Politics, Mr Coveney said the Government needs to work with farming organisations - like the IFA and others - to reassure them that they can work out a roadmap to manage that change and keep farms profitable.

Sinn Féin TD Louise O'Reilly said small family farms have been "squeezed time and time again by big producers" and by the people they are selling to.

Speaking on the same programme, Ms O'Reilly said that needs to be rebalanced and there needs to be a commission on the future of the family farm that has input from those at the coalface.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Farmers hold convoy protest in Dublin city centre

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Farmers demonstrated in the capital today in protest against the Government's policy on the Common Agricultural Policy and the Climate Action Plan. Around 100 tractors and other farm equipment were driven in convoy through the city centre. The Irish Farmers Association warned that if they do not get meaningful engagement from the Government on the issues, they will escalate their campaign.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Gapminder uses cookies to improve its statistics and user experience. By continuing to use the site you agree to our cookie policy. X
Close

# data[].attributes.headline
Working with Online Sources of Data and Information

# data[].attributes.subject
Working with Online Sources of Data and Information

# data[].attributes.headline
Effective Questioning and Classroom Talk

# data[].attributes.subject
Effective Questioning and Classroom Talk

# data[].attributes.body
Page 21 and 22

# data[].attributes.body
L.O 2.4.2  evaluate how and why the government may use various interventions and incentives, such as taxation and legislation, to influence the
price and quantity outcomes in particular markets
L.O. 1.2.1 explain how scarcity of economic resources relative to wants results in choices being made
between competing uses of resources; predict possible consequences of these choices

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Rents up by 16%, house prices by 39% since 2010

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rents and house prices in the EU have continued their steady increase in Q3 2021, going up by 1.2% and 9.2% respectively, compared with Q3 2020. This information comes from data on rents and house prices published by Eurostat today. The article presents a handful of findings from the more detailed S…

# data[].attributes.body
How it will be used in class: Spark discussion, use as a hook into a topic, link back to the real world and real life data. Imagery is a hook in itself.

LO 1: Construct a graphical representation of demand and supply in a market economy and critically analyse the role of the price mechanism in a market economy

LO 2: Evaluate the economic role of consumers in an economy, explaining how positive and negative incentives influence consumer activity

LO 3: Evaluate the economic role of firms in an economy, explaining how positive and negative incentives influence economic activity

How it will be used in class: Spark discussion, use as a hook into a topic.

https://www.cso.ie/en/interactivezone/visualisationtools/housepricesbyeircode/

Q: What counties have the highest house prices?

Q: What contributes to one eircode being more expensive than another?

Q: How do new amenities affect demand and supply?

Q: What is the impact (positive/negative) of businesses/services locating in an area?

Q: Analyse why there is a difference in prices between different parts of the country.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
House Prices by Eircode - CSO - Central Statistics Office

# data[].attributes.body
Knowledge
What Timeline is being looked at in these tables? What two aspects are being compared?
Comprehension
Describe what is happening to house prices on average across Europe from Q1 2010 to Q12021?
Application
How do increasing rents and house prices apply to the theory we have studied on supply and demand?
Analysis
Compare the changes in house prices and rent to that of changes in the UK ? Can you give a possible reason for the differences in each region?
Synthesis

Evaluation

Creativity

# data[].attributes.headline
Revenue Taxation Receipts - Historical trends

# data[].attributes.subject
Revenue Taxation Receipts - Historical trends

# data[].attributes.body
LO 4.2 Fiscal policy and budget framework
LO 2.4 Government intervention
LO 2.1 Market economy
LO 4.1 National Income
LO 4.3 Employment and unemployment
LO 5.2 Globalisation
LO 5.1 International Trade

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fiscal Data in Ireland (Incl. Impact of COVID-19)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Flourish story by Jacopo Bedogni, Parliamentary Budget Office

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Household Digital Consumer Behaviour 2021

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home / Statistics /Household Digital Consumer Behaviour 2021

# data[].attributes.headline
demonstrate how a change in the main determinants of demand and supply can affect changes in the price and quantity of goods and services- link to how price and demand for fitness equipment increased over time 

# data[].attributes.subject
demonstrate how a change in the main determinants of demand and supply can affect changes in the price and quantity of goods and services- link to how price and demand for fitness equipment increased over time 

# data[].attributes.body
increase in online course could lead to increase in productivity

# data[].attributes.body
1. Knowledge
Describe the graph, what are on the axes, labels, etc.?

2. Comprehension
Predict how tax revenue will change in the next year.

3. Application
Calculate the difference between 1987 and 2018 for the different taxes!

4. Analysis
How would you explain the increase in income tax over this period?

5. Synthesis
Construct your own chart about the income tax over time.

6. Evaluation
If you were a minister, what recommendations would you make to increase tax revenue in the next year?

7. Creativity
Investigate what industries / businesses are invested in with this revenue? How is this revenue being spent?
Role play / debate - groups prepare to represent the different departments of government and have to decide on the taxes of the next year, what they would increase / decrease.

# data[].attributes.headline
33% of consumers purchase sporting goods online 

# data[].attributes.subject
33% of consumers purchase sporting goods online 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Identify the figure for online sales

2. Describe the law demand

3. Illustrate with the aid of a diagram the change in price and quantity due to the increase in consumer spending on sport gear online

4. Explain the possible reason for an increase in demand for sporting gear

5. Thes suez canal has experienced delays predict the potential impact on the market for sports gear.....

6. Recommend government intervention to support a healthy lifestyle

# data[].attributes.headline
Video showing how to gather Data on the CSO Date from Michael Ruane's website.

# data[].attributes.subject
Video showing how to gather Data on the CSO Date from Michael Ruane's website.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What area of health did the Govt spend most on in 2021
2.Can you summarise the Govt health expenditure for 2021
3. Give an example of what Health and Social care expenditure would include.
4. Analyse how this expenditure compares to 2022 expenditure
5. What would you predict will be the largest area of expenditure for 2023.
6. How will the government prioritise one area of expenditure over another?

# data[].attributes.headline
Government Intervention Learning Outcome 2.4

# data[].attributes.subject
Government Intervention Learning Outcome 2.4

# data[].attributes.body
Using Infographic on state supports in 2020 as introduction to Government Intervention and benefits of mixed economy.

# data[].attributes.body
LO  2.4 Government intervention in the market  evaluate how and why the government may use various interventions and incentives, such as taxation and legislation, to influence the price and quantity outcomes in particular markets
(price ceiling)

LO  2.2 The consumer (demand)  critique the assumption that consumers taking part in economic activity behave rationally

Bloom

Analysis: 'Do you think the housing crisis had an impact on the increase in demand for rent?'

Synthesis: 'What would happen if the government introduced a price control?'

Evaluation: ' Compare Iceland's house price increase with Ireland's'

Creativity: ' If you were the Minister for Finance, how would you respond to the housing crisis?'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Rents up by 16%, house prices by 39% since 2010

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rents and house prices in the EU have continued their steady increase in Q3 2021, going up by 1.2% and 9.2% respectively, compared with Q3 2020. This information comes from data on rents and house prices published by Eurostat today. The article presents a handful of findings from the more detailed S…

# data[].attributes.body
-Government Policy
-SDGs
-Monetary Policy

# data[].attributes.headline
4.2 - Why has spending decreased from 2021 to 2021 with more Covid costs?

# data[].attributes.subject
4.2 - Why has spending decreased from 2021 to 2021 with more Covid costs?

# data[].attributes.body
1. List some examples of government expenditure
2. Describe the trend between 2011 and 2022
3. Determine why the tread has changed over the years
4. Explain the opportunity costs to government expenditure one education
5. Critique the governments level of expenditure in 2020 and compare it to 2021
6. Investigate the reasons as to why expenditure has decreased

# data[].attributes.body
Governor's Blog | Central Bank of Ireland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Your Privacy Preferences

Choose the cookies you want to activate or deactivate below.

Manage Consent Preferences

Strictly Necessary Cookies

Always Active

These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.

Performance Cookies

Performance Cookies

These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.

Targeting Cookies

Targeting Cookies

These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read blog posts from the Central Bank of Ireland Governor Gabriel Makhlouf.

# data[].attributes.body
Q.1 What does this data tell us - explain what you see?
Q.2 Identify the trend in the image.
Q.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of regulation in attracting FDI?
or
Would you recommend the government continue with this policy of attracting FDI to the country? Why?

# data[].attributes.body
Questions on Climate change article
-What can each individual/business/Government do to address climate change?
-Present data to support your argument in favour of tackling climate change?
- What is the opportunity cost of money spent on tackling climate change?
- Is zero carbon emissions achievable?

# data[].attributes.body
Aim: Create their own Infographic.
Pair work/group work to aid comprehension.
Review keywords in infographic first. Identify prior understanding.
Try to identify benefits of these supports.
What is not mentioned?
What more could be done?
What is the opportunity cost of these state supports?

# data[].attributes.body
Looking At debt servicing, what contributions go towards the EU, can link in with fiscal policy chapter 12.

1. List where the government spends money.
2. Discuss the Expenditure trends between 2015-2021.
3. If you look at 2015 vs 2021 what changes can be seen in health expenditure, and can you come up with a reason for this change?
4.  Do you think the change in health expenditure was justified?
5. What would happen if the government was to increase taxes?
6. If you were the minister of health, what recommendations would you make for further health expenditure?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Where Your Money Goes - Expenditure Data and Graphs broken up by sectors

# data[].attributes.headline
Economic and fiscal profiles of Ireland's Regions

# data[].attributes.subject
Economic and fiscal profiles of Ireland's Regions

# data[].attributes.body
https://public.flourish.studio/story/434616/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Economic & Fiscal Profiles of Irelands Regions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beautiful, easy data visualization and storytelling

# data[].attributes.headline
Digital Consumer Behaviour - Demand and Supply

# data[].attributes.subject
Digital Consumer Behaviour - Demand and Supply

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Household Digital Consumer Behaviour 2021

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home / Statistics /Household Digital Consumer Behaviour 2021

# data[].attributes.body
2.1.3 Examine how advances in technology can impact the market economy
2.1.2 Demand and supply
2.4 Government intervention in the market -
3.2.5 Examine the factors affecting the supply of labour
3.3.3 Gov Regulation
5.3.1 International trade  - benefits and costs of trade on Irish Economy
5.3.4 Arguments in favour of Int trade and Trade protection

# data[].attributes.body
Questions under each
Knowledge: What was the value of imports Q1 2021?
Comprehension: What was the difference between 2020 and q1 2021 in terms of tonnes of energy and value?
Application: How is 2021 significant in terms of 2020?
Analysis: Can you analyse the reasons behind this change?
Synthesis: How would you design an graph to represent your findings?
Evaluation: Do you think it is a good thing to have so much dependency on oil from one location in terms of our energy requirements?
Creativity: How would you respond to this challenge of over dependence? How would you collaborate with other EU countries to find develop alternatives?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
EU imports of energy products - recent developments

# data[].attributes.body
1) Knowledge - What is a vacant site? What is a levy?
2) Comprehension - What is the difference between the counties? Which county is the highest? Which county is the lowest?
3) Application - Why would someone leave a property vacant?
4) Analysis - What are the motives behind the levy?
5) Synthesis - Could this be a solution/help to affecting the supply crisis?
6) Evaluation- Have you seen a tax being effective before?

# data[].attributes.body
Knowledge - List an economic concept that comes to mind when looking at this infographic
Comprehension - Why was there such an increase in demand for food delivered
Application - How could we link this to Business costs  - Remote working and VC
Analysis - Impact on employment - increase in demand for drivers and new regulations made by the Road safety Authority
Evaluation   - Due to this increase in consumer spending on line  - will this increase in demand lead to inflation in 2022?
Create - brief summary of the impact of technology on consumer behaviour for 2022

# data[].attributes.headline
In 2021, Russia remained the largest supplier of natural gas and petroleum oils to the EU.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 2021, Russia remained the largest supplier of natural gas and petroleum oils to the EU.

# data[].attributes.body
Resource - Eurostat:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments

LOs:
1.2 Scarcity:  explain how scarcity of economic resources relative to wants results in choices being made between competing uses of resources; predict possible consequences of these choices
1.3 Sustainability:  consider potential implications of sustainable development for individual behaviour, choice, habits and values; business decisions; government policy
2.1 Market economy: demonstrate how a change in the main determinants of demand

and supply can affect changes in the price and quantity of goods

and services
4.1 Monetary policy:  evaluate the causes of inflation and consequences of changes in the price level for consumers, firms and the economy as a whole
5.3  International trade: investigate and analyse patterns in Irish trade in terms of quantity and types of goods and services over a period of time; assess the benefits and costs of trade on the Irish economy

How frame this resource as part of a lesson?
* Impact of shortage of supply of oil from Russia, how will this affect price of energy / oil & the goods and services reliant upon them
* Break class up into 4 groups & give each group a separate line of inquiry based on above learning outcomes. Examples include:
- Supply & demand of electric vehicles
- Impact upon Distribution channel
- Sustainability & environment
- International trade

How work on the data?
Ask teams to use this website to understand how the data has changed and why?  What does this mean for the future?
Use the 5 steps to analyse data as per SEC publication

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The analysis of the latest figures shows a substantial increase of the energy bill since 2021. In the second quarter of 2022, the average monthly value of imports in energy products more than doubled compared with 2021. The increase of the volume of energy products in the second quarter of 2022 was less marked, being 'only' 9.8 % higher than in 2021.

Figure 2 shows the share in total EU imports of the energy products considered in this article. In the first two quarters of 2022, compared with 2021, the shares of natural gas and petroleum oils, in terms of value, continued to grow reaching 9.8 % and 12.0 % respectively in the second quarter of 2022, mainly as a result of higher prices for these commodities.

Figures 3 and 4 show the composition of energy products ('energy mix') imported by the European Union. Figure 3 shows that, measured in net mass, the energy mix did not change significantly between 2021 and the second quarter of 2022. Measured in net mass, petroleum oils were by far the largest group of imported energy products (56.2 % of total EU energy imports in the first half of 2022), ahead of natural gas in gaseous state (23.4 %). Figure 4 shows that, when measured in value, the share of petroleum oils was 10.1 percentage points (pp) lower than in 2021. The share of natural gas in gaseous states increased by 8.5 pp. These fluctuations in value were in large part due to changes in prices.

The detailed tables for imports and exports of energy products are available here.

Main suppliers of natural gas and petroleum oils to the EU

As can be seen in Figure 5, Russia was the largest provider of petroleum oils in 2021. The share of Russia was 16.7 % in the second quarter of 2022, a decrease of 8.3 pp compared with 2021. The shares of the United States (+2.5 pp), Angola (+2.0 pp), Saudi Arabia (+1.7 pp), Brazil (+1.6 pp) and the United Kingdom (+1.2 pp) all increased while the shares of Kazakhstan (-1.8 pp) and Libya (-1.1 pp) decreased.

Russia was also the largest supplier of natural gas to the EU with a share of 39.7 % in 2021, followed by Norway (24.9 %) and Algeria (8.2 %) - see Figure 6. After Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and in the light of several packages of sanctions imposed by the European Union, the supply of natural gas from Russia steadily decreased. Compared with 2021, Russia's share dropped by 16.8 percentage points (pp) and stood at 22.9 % in the second quarter of 2022. At the same time the shares of the United States and the United Kingdom increased by 10.2 pp and 8.4 pp respectively while the shares of Algeria (-2.0 pp) and Norway (-1.5 pp) slightly declined.

The detailed tables for main import partners of petroleum oils and natural gas are available here.

Trend in extra-EU imports of energy products

For petroleum oils, average monthly imports from Russia and from the extra-EU partners except Russia are shown in Figure 7 (in value) and Figure 8 (in net mass). For Russia the average monthly imports in value increased by € 1.1 billion in the second quarter of 2022, compared with 2021, even though the average monthly net mass dropped by 0.9 million tonnes. In the same period, average monthly imports of petroleum oils from other countries increased by € 13.3 billion in value and by 4.6 billion tonnes in weight.

For natural gas, average monthly imports from Russia and from the extra-EU partners except Russia are shown in Figure 9 (in value) and Figure 10 (in net mass). For Russia the average monthly imports in value increased by € 2.3 billion in the second quarter of 2022, compared with 2021, even though the average monthly volume dropped by 3.9 million tonnes. In the same period, average monthly imports of petroleum oils from other countries increased by € 14.0 billion in value and by 3.2 billion tonnes in weight.

The detailed tables for extra-EU and Russian shares of energy imports in total imports are available here.

Source data for tables and graphs

The excel file below contains all figures and tables shown in the article as well as the detailed tables referred to in the text.

Data sources

EU data is taken from Eurostat's COMEXT database. COMEXT is the reference database for international trade in goods. It provides access not only to both recent and historical data from the EU Member States but also to statistics of a significant number of non-EU countries. International trade aggregated and detailed statistics disseminated via the Eurostat website are compiled from COMEXT data according to a monthly process.

Data are collected by the competent national authorities of the EU Member States and compiled according to a harmonised methodology established by EU regulations before transmission to Eurostat. For extra-EU trade, the statistical information is mainly provided by the traders on the basis of customs declarations.

EU data are compiled according to EU guidelines and may, therefore, differ from national data published by the EU Member States. Statistics on extra-EU trade are calculated as the sum of trade of each of the 27 EU Member States with countries outside the EU. In other words, the EU is considered as a single trading entity and trade flows are measured into and out of the area, but not within it.

Trade in energy products is more susceptible of being confidential. In the context of this article, Eurostat has carried out some estimation in order to provide more accurate information while not disclosing confidential figures. Note that those estimated data cannot be retrieved from Eurostat databases or found in other publications. When going through the figures, it should also be kept in mind that confidentiality treatments may impact the data consistency. In particular, total values may slightly diverge from the sum of their subcomponents.

The United Kingdom is considered as an extra-EU partner country for the EU for the whole period covered by this article. However, the United Kingdom was still part of the internal market until the end of the transitory period (31 December 2020), meaning that data on trade with the United Kingdom are still based on statistical concepts applicable to trade between the EU Member States. Consequently, while imports from any other extra-EU trade partner are grouped by country of origin, the United Kingdom data reflect the country of consignment. In practice this means that the goods imported by the EU from the United Kingdom were physically transported from the United Kingdom but part of these goods could have been of other origin than the United Kingdom. For this reason, data on trade with the United Kingdom are not fully comparable with data on trade with other extra-EU trade partners.

Energy products

This article analyses the EU imports of the following subset of energy products, as classified according to the Combined Nomenclature (CN), of either 4 or 8 digits. Chapter 27 of the Combined Nomenclature (mineral fuels, mineral oils) contains more products than the ones considered in this article. The CN codes analysed are grouped as follows:

Petroleum oils

27090010: Petroleum oils from natural gas condensates

27090090: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude

Natural gas

27111100: Natural gas, liquefied

27112100: Natural gas in gaseous state

Solid fuels

Note that Eurostat publishes additional energy statistics in the Energy Dedicated Section. With regards to imports and exports of energy products, there are methodological reasons for differences between figures from energy statistics and figures presented in this article originating from international trade in goods statistics (ITGS):

Different data sources: The sources for ITGS are the Intrastat declarations for intra-EU trade and the customs declarations for extra-EU trade. Additional data sources like data from national grid operators can also be used for natural gas and electricity. The sources for energy statistics are special statistical surveys, administrative data and estimations.

Different concept applicable to the partner country: In ITGS, the partner country is the country of consignment for intra-EU imports and the country of origin for extra-EU imports. In energy statistics, the partner country is the country of origin for both intra- and extra-EU imports.

Different breakdowns: Imports and exports are available in quantities and values broken down by partner in ITGS while only the quantities without partner breakdown are available in energy statistics.

Different estimation techniques: In ITGS, the value is collected or estimated (estimation based on collected invoice value or, for natural gas and electricity, on additional data sources) while in energy statistics the value is not collected but estimated using quantities and retail prices.

Units of measure

Trade values correspond to the statistical value. For imports, this is the amount in national currency which would be invoiced in case of purchase at the national border of the reporting country. It is called a CIF value (cost, insurance, freight) for imports.

Quantities correspond to the net mass, expressed in tonnes.

Supplementary information like trade in terajoules for natural gas can be found in Eurostat databases.

Data limitations

Missing EU data - This article is mostly based on collected data (confidential and non-confidential). Missing data is estimated by the compilers of statistical information in the EU Member States.

Confidentiality - Because of confidentiality, total values may differ from the sum of individual components.

Trade and consumption - This article focuses on imports and exports of energy products and does not consider EU domestic energy production. Part of the energy products consumed in the EU is produced in the EU.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
EU imports of energy products - recent developments

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The analysis of the latest figures shows a substantial increase of the energy bill since 2021. In the second quarter of 2022, the average monthly value of imports in energy products more than doubled compared with 2021. The increase of the volume of energy products in the second quarter of 2022 was less marked, being 'only' 9.8 % higher than in 2021.