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Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks.

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-it happens when there is an immense amount of rainfall
-the water moves down the B Horizon bringing all of the important minerals and nutrients with it
-this can create a hardpan which is when iron oxide minerals are washed away from the topsoil particles

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A Horizon: also Called the topsoil is the most fertile layer and has a dark colour due to the plant litter and humus majority of the time

B Horizon: also called the subsoil, is directly below the topsoil and has multiple

C Horizon: also called the bedrock solid rock at the base and it breaks into smaller pieces the closer it gets to the subsoil

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Soil has 5 main ingredients which makes the soil fertile
-45% mineral partices
- 25% air
-25% water
-5% organic matter and humus

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there are four main types of soil found in Ireland:
-brown soil
-podzol soil
-gley soil
-peaty soil

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-Plant litter is broken down by insects and other micro-organisms which then becomes humus
-oxygen plays a role in this process because it helps to keep the organisms alive
-this process is called humification

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-it is irelands most common type of soil and is mainly found in the midlands where there isn't much rainfall, under deciduous trees,

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-it's found on higher land in Ireland where it rains more often
- The A horizon is grey because of the hardpan
-found in coniferous forests
- because the trees are coniferous there isn't many plant litter to turn into humus making it less fertile

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- forms on areas of rolling lowland or gently sloping hills
-it has a blue/grey colour
- very thin and can flood really easily, making it infertile
- the A horizon is leached and B horizon with a lack of minerals

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-Its is also known as bogland
- it takes thousands of years to form
- dark in colour and heavily waterlogged as making it very in fertile.