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Whites often hired local Indians to hunt down escape Indian slaves. In 1767 Maryland offered rewards to Indians for capturing black slaves runways.

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Whites often hired local Indians to hunt down escape Indian slaves. In 1767 Maryland offered rewards to Indians for capturing black slaves runways.

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The status of the child derived from the mother and that enslaved Christians could not sue for their freedom on the basis of their new Christianity and so that was able to quash or stop these freedom suits. 

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The status of the child derived from the mother and that enslaved Christians could not sue for their freedom on the basis of their new Christianity and so that was able to quash or stop these freedom suits. 

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One tool to keep blacks and whites from uniting was racism. White leaders encouraged a negative view of blacks. 

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One tool to keep blacks and whites from uniting was racism. White leaders encouraged a negative view of blacks. 

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The wealthy elite bribed Indians to return runaway slaves, and they also made it illegal for free blacks to travel in Indian country.

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The wealthy elite bribed Indians to return runaway slaves, and they also made it illegal for free blacks to travel in Indian country.

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 1705, Virginia assembly passed laws clearly defining the distinction between a servant and a slave, relegating all slaves to the status of real estate.

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 1705, Virginia assembly passed laws clearly defining the distinction between a servant and a slave, relegating all slaves to the status of real estate.

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 1691, illegal to free black slaves unless they were leaving the colony

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 1691, illegal to free black slaves unless they were leaving the colony

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1641, Massachusetts became the first colony on the British American mainland to recognize slavery as a legal institution. Connecticut followed in 1650. Maryland in 1663. New York and New Jersey in 1664. Virginia:1661. 

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1641, Massachusetts became the first colony on the British American mainland to recognize slavery as a legal institution. Connecticut followed in 1650. Maryland in 1663. New York and New Jersey in 1664. Virginia:1661. 

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 1662, a Virginia court decided that all children born in the colony will be free or slave  according to the condition of the mother. Slavery would be defined by race and perpetuated through heredity.

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 1662, a Virginia court decided that all children born in the colony will be free or slave  according to the condition of the mother. Slavery would be defined by race and perpetuated through heredity.

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The English definition of who could be enslaved began to shift from non-Christian to non-white.

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The English definition of who could be enslaved began to shift from non-Christian to non-white.

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The middle-class colonists joined forces with the merchants and big planters, they are solid buffer against the frontier Indians, the enslaved blacks, and the poor whites

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The middle-class colonists joined forces with the merchants and big planters, they are solid buffer against the frontier Indians, the enslaved blacks, and the poor whites

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A 1690 Connecticut law forbade Indians and blacks from walking beyond the town limits without a pass. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts all had a 9 p.m. curfew for blacks and Indians. 

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A 1690 Connecticut law forbade Indians and blacks from walking beyond the town limits without a pass. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts all had a 9 p.m. curfew for blacks and Indians. 

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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A 1691 Virginia law provided that “any white man or woman being free who shall intermarry with a negro, mulatoo, or Indian man or woman bond or free” shall be banished

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A 1691 Virginia law provided that “any white man or woman being free who shall intermarry with a negro, mulatoo, or Indian man or woman bond or free” shall be banished

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Poor whites were enlisted to hunt down runaway slaves, and were put on slave patrols

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Poor whites were enlisted to hunt down runaway slaves, and were put on slave patrols

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The British encouraged the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole—to enslave Africans, as the whites were doing. Ultimately, slaves made up between 10 and 20 percent of all five groups but the Seminoles. The Cherokee adopted a “slave code” to prevent blacks from learning to read and write and provided that if a slave ran off, other tribe members were obligated to catch the runaway. Slavery contributed to inequality within each Indian nation. Only a relatively small elite of 12 percent of the Cherokees owned slaves. 

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The British encouraged the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole—to enslave Africans, as the whites were doing. Ultimately, slaves made up between 10 and 20 percent of all five groups but the Seminoles. The Cherokee adopted a “slave code” to prevent blacks from learning to read and write and provided that if a slave ran off, other tribe members were obligated to catch the runaway. Slavery contributed to inequality within each Indian nation. Only a relatively small elite of 12 percent of the Cherokees owned slaves. 

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A 1661 Virginia law provided that “in case any English servant shall run away in company of any Negroes” he would have to suffer extra years of servitude to the master of the escaped slave.

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A 1661 Virginia law provided that “in case any English servant shall run away in company of any Negroes” he would have to suffer extra years of servitude to the master of the escaped slave.

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In 1717, the British parliament made transportation to the American colonies a legal punishment for committing certain crimes. Tens of thousands of convicts were sent to Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies.

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In 1717, the British parliament made transportation to the American colonies a legal punishment for committing certain crimes. Tens of thousands of convicts were sent to Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies.

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A Virginia colonial law sentenced whites to 25 lashes for stealing a pig, but increased it to 39 lashes if the person were black or Indian. 

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A Virginia colonial law sentenced whites to 25 lashes for stealing a pig, but increased it to 39 lashes if the person were black or Indian. 