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The British encouraged the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole—to enslave Africans, as the whites were doing. Ultimately, slaves made up between 10 and 20 percent of all five groups but the Seminoles. The Cherokee adopted a “slave code” to prevent blacks from learning to read and write and provided that if a slave ran off, other tribe members were obligated to catch the runaway. Slavery contributed to inequality within each Indian nation. Only a relatively small elite of 12 percent of the Cherokees owned slaves. 

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The British encouraged the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole—to enslave Africans, as the whites were doing. Ultimately, slaves made up between 10 and 20 percent of all five groups but the Seminoles. The Cherokee adopted a “slave code” to prevent blacks from learning to read and write and provided that if a slave ran off, other tribe members were obligated to catch the runaway. Slavery contributed to inequality within each Indian nation. Only a relatively small elite of 12 percent of the Cherokees owned slaves. 

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A 1691 Virginia law provided that “any white man or woman being free who shall intermarry with a negro, mulatoo, or Indian man or woman bond or free” shall be banished

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A 1691 Virginia law provided that “any white man or woman being free who shall intermarry with a negro, mulatoo, or Indian man or woman bond or free” shall be banished

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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Poor whites were enlisted to hunt down runaway slaves, and were put on slave patrols

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Poor whites were enlisted to hunt down runaway slaves, and were put on slave patrols

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A 1690 Connecticut law forbade Indians and blacks from walking beyond the town limits without a pass. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts all had a 9 p.m. curfew for blacks and Indians. 

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A 1690 Connecticut law forbade Indians and blacks from walking beyond the town limits without a pass. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts all had a 9 p.m. curfew for blacks and Indians. 

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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In southern colonies, according to historian Joseph P. Cullen, if a white female indentured servant had a child by a black man she would be punished by public whipping and her period of indenture would be doubled. 

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In 1717, the British parliament made transportation to the American colonies a legal punishment for committing certain crimes. Tens of thousands of convicts were sent to Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies.

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In 1717, the British parliament made transportation to the American colonies a legal punishment for committing certain crimes. Tens of thousands of convicts were sent to Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies.

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A Virginia colonial law sentenced whites to 25 lashes for stealing a pig, but increased it to 39 lashes if the person were black or Indian. 

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A Virginia colonial law sentenced whites to 25 lashes for stealing a pig, but increased it to 39 lashes if the person were black or Indian. 

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A 1661 Virginia law provided that “in case any English servant shall run away in company of any Negroes” he would have to suffer extra years of servitude to the master of the escaped slave.

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A 1661 Virginia law provided that “in case any English servant shall run away in company of any Negroes” he would have to suffer extra years of servitude to the master of the escaped slave.

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Blacks would get in big trouble and should get hurt if they found out that they had ran away

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Black slaves were sold more than white slaves

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Whites had hired local Indians to find runaway slaves

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All children in the colony would be free or slave from the condition of the mother

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Negative views of blacks were encouraged from white colony leaders.

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"They bribed Indians to return runaway slaves, and they also made it illegal for free blacks to travel in Indian countries."

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In New Jersey in the 1740s and 1750s, poor farmers clashed with rich landowners.