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Overview

The Great Plains stretch from Canada to Mexico across the midsection of the country and consist of relatively flat plains that span from mountain elevations to sea level. The Plains are made up of a broad range of ecosystems, including forests, rangelands, marshes, and desert.This coincides with a highly diverse climate and large geographic variation in temperature and precipitation across the region.

Because the Great Plains extend the entire north-south length of the United States, the region experiences a wide range of seasonal and average annual temperatures. In the mountains of Montana and Wyoming, average temperatures are less than 40°F, while in southern Texas, it is 70°F. Warming temperatures are being felt across the Great Plains. North Dakota's average temperature has increased faster than any other state in the contiguous United States, and the number of days with temperatures over 100°F is projected to double in the Northern Plains by 2050.The Southern Plains are projected to experience more extreme heat, with four times the number of days over 100°F than is currently experienced in the area. These temperature changes are expected to occur largely in the summer, but winter temperatures will also increase in the Northern Plains. Higher temperatures lead to greater evaporation and surface water losses, more heat stress, and increased energy demand for cooling.

The Great Plains has a distinct east-west gradient in average precipitation, with eastern Texas and Oklahoma experiencing more than 50 inches per year, while some of Montana, Wyoming, and western Texas receive less than 15 inches per year. Climate change projections indicate that future precipitation patterns will vary across the region and at local scales. In northern states, the amount of winter and spring precipitation and the number of days with heavy downpours and snowfall are projected to increase. In the central Great Plains, less summer rainfall is projected and could lead to drier summers in some areas. Southern states, including Texas and Oklahoma, are also projected to experience longer periods without rainfall.

Impacts on Vulnerable Communities

The Great Plains is home to a diverse cultural, geographical, and economic population that will experience the impacts of climate change in different ways. Climate change related impacts, including heat waves and extreme weather events, have disproportionate effects on vulnerable groups, including young, elderly, ill, and low income populations. In the Great Plains, remotely located populations, including 70 recognized indigenous tribes and a growing proportion of elderly residents, face greater challenges in responding to climate change because of a lack of development, public health resources, and access to other public services and communication systems. Language barriers for indigenous groups can also impact the ability to respond to climate extremes.

Climate change is also affecting tribal community traditions and culture. Earlier onset of spring is changing the timing of rituals, and regions have faced the decline and disappearance of some culturally important plants and animals. For centuries, tribal groups have adapted to changes in the climate, but currently face heightened constraints of physical and political boundaries, poverty, and a lack of resources. Despite these challenges, some groups are actively working to establish long-term sustainability plans that will foster adaptation and protection of important cultural resources.

Impacts on Water Resources

As patterns of temperature and precipitation change, the Great Plains region is expected to face increased competition for water supplies for use by homes, business, agriculture, and energy production. Water in this region comes largely from the High Plains Aquifer system, made up largely of the Ogallala aquifer. The High Plains Aquifer system is one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the world and underlies approximately 111 million acres in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Nearly 30% of all irrigated lands in the United States reside above this aquifer, making it one of the primary agricultural regions in the nation. The High Plains Aquifer also provides drinking water for more than 80% of the residents living over the aquifer and is key to the region's energy production.

Long-term declines in the water level within the High Plains Aquifer have resulted from greater water discharge than recharge. Discharge (or withdrawal) occurs largely by irrigation, which has resulted in an average water level decline of 14.2 feet since irrigation began around 1950. This translates to an 80 trillion gallon reduction in water storage within the aquifer. Recharge (or replenishing) comes primarily from precipitation. In the northern portion of the Great Plains, rain can recharge the aquifer quickly. However, with climate change, precipitation in the winter and spring is projected to increasingly fall in the form of very heavy precipitation events, which can increase flooding and runoff that reduce water quality and cause soil erosion. In the southern portion of the region, little recharge occurs, so declines in the aquifer's water level are much greater (see figure of High Plains Aquifer). Climate change will worsen this situation by causing drier conditions and increasing the need for irrigation.

For more information on climate change impacts on water, please visit the Water Resources Impacts page.

Impacts on Agriculture

Agriculture in the Great Plains utilizes more than 80% of the land area. In 2012, agriculture in the region was estimated to have a total market value of $92 million, made up largely of crop (43%) and livestock (46%) production. Projected climate change will have many impacts on this sector. Some impacts may provide short-term benefits, but negative effects are also likely in this time frame. In the long-term, climate impacts will have increasingly detrimental effects that increase variability in crop and agricultural production. Climate change may also cause a northward shift in lands used for agricultural production as temperature and water stresses rise, especially in the southern portion of the region.

Crops

In the Northern Plains, crop yields benefit from increased precipitation in winter and spring. However, if the fields become too wet, planting may be delayed and affect yields. The projected heavier rainfall will also increase erosion and nutrient runoff, which could have detrimental impacts on crops and agricultural soil quality. Warmer temperatures lengthen the growing season, which could increase plant growth or allow for a second planting. Higher levels of carbon dioxide may also increase plant growth. However, summer precipitation is not projected to rise, which increases vulnerability to drought conditions, while higher summer temperatures are likely to reduce plant productivity. In the Central and Southern Plains, the higher temperatures and decreased precipitation will increase irrigation demands. If irrigation is reduced to conserve water and farmers transition to dryland agriculture, crop yields could be reduced by a factor of two.

The Great Plains is already experiencing warmer winters, and further temperature increases are projected for this season. These conditions can increase the survival of some pests and invasive weeds. Additionally, the dormancy period for winter crops is shortening, increasing the potential for damage by spring freezes and reducing yields of some important livestock feed crops, such as winter wheat. As climate impacts worsen in the future, agricultural practices will face increased risks that require new considerations and management strategies.

Livestock

Livestock production is a major component of the economy in the Great Plains. By value, Texas produces the most cattle in the United States. Warmer temperatures and extreme heat stress animals and cause declines in meat, milk, and egg production. Diseases may also increase as temperature and moisture conditions become more favorable for disease spread and range expansion. Additional expenses may also be incurred as the need to cool animal buildings increases.

Drought and increasing demand for available fresh water is already affecting the livestock industry. Animal operations require large quantities of water for drinking water, feedlot operations, dairy farms, and other on-farm needs. Some of the largest water withdrawals in the country occur in the Great Plains, with Texas having the highest water usage for livestock in the country. Continued livestock production and associated water usage in this region will exacerbate water shortages as climate change impacts continue.

For more information on climate change impacts on agriculture, please visit the Agriculture and Food Supply page.

Impacts on Ecosystems

Climate and land use are changing simultaneously in the Great Plains and altering many ecosystems. Land development for energy production and urban sprawl are increasing habitat fragmentation. This lessens the ability of plants and animals to adapt by moving to new areas in response to warmer temperatures or changes in water availability. Climate change is also increasing pest outbreaks, spreading invasive species, accelerating wildfire activity, and changing plant flowering times. An increase in frost-free days in the Great Plains have lengthened the pollen season for the common allergen ragweed, increasing the likelihood of allergic reactions and associated health impacts.

Climate change is affecting critical game species in the Great Plains, including a number of birds (including ducks, geese, and quail), mammals (including moose and deer), and fish (including bass). Many of these animals rely on the availability of shallow lakes that periodically dry out. These areas, known as Prairie Potholes (in the north) or playa lakes (in the south), provide habitat for many species to mate and nurture offspring. The lakes also help recharge the High Plains Aquifer. Agricultural practices have changed more than 70% of the large seasonal lakes in the southern Great Plains. As temperatures continue to rise, the bird and fish populations that rely on these areas are increasingly impacted.

For more information on climate change impacts on ecosystems, please visit the Ecosystems Impacts page.

References
[11] US EPA (2015). Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Ragweed Pollen Season.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Great Plains stretch from Canada to Mexico across the midsection of the country and consist of relatively flat plains that span from mountain elevations to sea level. The Plains are made up of a broad range of ecosystems, including forests, rangelands, marshes, and desert.This coincides with a highly diverse climate and large geographic variation in temperature and precipitation across the region.

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Climate impacts in the great plains
In the article it talks about how climate change can affect the great plains and that's the area we live in
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-great-plains_.html

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climate change:
The main  idea of this article is how the world can help contain climate change . Some key points of this article would be about how teens can learn and help stop climate change. A few examples of the ideas to help in the article are by spreading the ideas to help contain and also to slow it down. The information i found from the article is at  https://www.terrapass.com/what-can-teenagers-do-to-fight-climate-change

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I read about," What can teenagers do to fight climate change?"
The article talks about how global warming is affecting the earth. It gives statistics like how fossil fuels are making more CO2 in the atmosphere. It does not really give any detail on how teenagers can do to fight the climate change but it does give a website so that you can go help.
https://www.terrapass.com/what-can-teenagers-do-to-fight-climate-change

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climate change affects people health. they can get very sick and get diseases

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climate change
It pretty much talks about how we "the people" need to stop putting CO2 to the world because its causing climate change to get worse . That in decades from now the heat wave from the sun may kill people.It might cause harm to plants and vegetation. They might become extinct.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html?_r=0

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The Causes of Climate Change

This article talks about how global warming affects the earth and what it is that causes it, some examples would be; Carbon dioxide, Methane (A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human activities),  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), etc.
The article also provides lots of evidence and facts about what they are talking about, but mainly visual representations so that people can understand it better.

https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

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13 devastating photos tho show your friend who doesn't believe in climate change
The purpose of this article is to open people's eyes and make them see what is happening to our world. The article provides pictures of impacts in nature. For example, floods, dry areas, and melting ice. To conclude, the author is trying to make us see that our world is not okay. We have to make a change.

https://www.upworthy.com/13-devastating-photos-to-show-your-friend-who-doesnt-believe-in-climate-change

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What can teenagers do to fight climate change?
The author's purpose of this article is to give awareness, solutions, and effects about climate change. Climate change can't be eliminated completely. Nations can work together to minimize global warming. Climate changes impact our lives and motivates us to do something about it. To conclude, it's important for society to start making change and try to develop solutions.

https://www.terrapass.com/what-can-teenagers-do-to-fight-climate-change

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Richard carrizales
some of the main points in the article is how climate change is affecting the rainfall in the great plains which in return destroys the water resources in the area which will also have an effect on farming in the area. One reason why climate change is happening is because of greenhouse gases from the cattle. Climate change also effects critical game species in the area.©
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-great-plains_.html