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Main Issues: British Imperialism- Cultural distinctiveness kept the British and Indians apart. British colonial rule promoted sense of Indian identity, and they promised "gradual development of self-governing institutions" which led to the demanding of political change. Also, Britain committed India's armed forces to WW2 without consulting the colony's elected representatives. Conflicts between Hindus and Muslims that prompted the ‘Partition’- The India National Congress was mostly Hindus and the Muslim League mostly Muslim, the latter didn’t want Indian independence under Hindu dominated Congress Party. Britain at the time faced enormous war debt and handed over power, but the question was: who was to receive that power, the Hindus or the Muslims? Muslims resisted attempts of inclusion in an Indian government dominated by Hindus which led to rioting between the two groups and left thousands dead and hurt. British officials soon convinced both groups towards a ‘partition’, which created the separated India (Hindus) and new nation Pakistan (Muslims) in 1947. As people scrambled to relocate, violence emerged among different religious groups, and an estimated 1 million died. Even after the partition, the Sikhs wanted an independent state themselves, leading to attacks on the Indian symbols of authority and Indian army fighting them back and ‘murderous frenzy’ in 1984.

Leaders: After the massacre of Amritsar, Mohandas K. Gandhi became the leader of the Indian independence movement from Britain. When the British failed to punish the officers responsible for the massacre, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience. Gandhi then launched his campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the British government’s authority and economic power over India through boycotts, strikes & demonstrations, and the Salt March. In 1935, Britain granted limited self-rule to India. In competition with the Congress Party was the Muslim League, an organization founded in India to protect Muslim interests. The leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah insisted that all Muslims resign from the Congress Party. The Muslim League stated that it would never accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party.

Methods: Gandhi used tactics of nonviolence like-Noncooperation: Civil disobedience when the British didn’t punish officers responsible for the Amritsar massacre. He recommended the Indian National Congress take action with a noncooperation policy with the British Government. He then launched a campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the grasp Britain had on India. Boycotts: Gandhi urged Indians to not buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. One successful boycott was the one against Cloth, a huge source of wealth for the British, he encouraged people to spin their own cloth. As a result, British cloth sales dropped sharply in India Strikes & Demonstrations: Civil disobedience caused the British economy trouble, it was hard to keep trains running, factories operating, and jails from bursting due to the British arresting those who participated in strikes and demonstrations. Unfortunately, protests often turned into riots, regardless of Gandhi’s want for nonviolence. The Salt March: For some time, Indians could only buy salt from the British government, and they had to pay taxes on it. To protest, Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast to collect seawater, and let it evaporate to create their own salt. Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted all Muslims to quit the Congress Party because he thought the Hindus were only looking out for their own interests. The Muslim League, looked out for their own interests, and would not accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu Congress Party.

Lingering Problems: Pakistan and India used to be one entire country, but because of Mohandas K. Gandhi had pushed limited self rule this left arguments over the religious groups in India on who should rule be the main ruling religion, Islam or Buddhism. Later because of this what was India was split into what is now modern day India and Pakistan. New independent countries of Pakistan and India became bitter rival countries which pushed tensions between over a land called Kashmir that was mainly Muslim population.This fight over Kashmir brought light to the situation to the United Nations which then made a cease-fire in 1949 that left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the rest under Indian control, but the two countries still dispute over the land to this day. Other troubles were that either Hindus, Muslims, and another religion called Sikhs after this time were being murdered if seen crossing into India by Pakistani people and crossing into Pakistan by Indian people.More into Pakistan its history of leadership has been filled with bloodshed with multiple assassinations or murders on prime ministers and along with a civil war that eventually broke up Pakistan into east and west Pakistan.

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Main Issues: The main reason for Africa's difficulties was the negative impact of colonial rule. European powers had done a little to prepare their African colonies for independence. When the Europeans established colonial boundaries they ignored existing ethnic or cultural divisions. New borders divided peoples of the same background or threw different-often rival- making it difficult to develop a national identity. Nigeria, a former British colony, won it's independence peacefully in 1960. However, the country was ethnically divided. This soon created problems that led to war.

Leaders:
-  Olusegun Obasanjo  (Yoruba leader)
- Moshood Abiola
- General Sani Abacha
-  Ken Saro Wiwa
Ken Saro Wiwa was a Nigerian writer, political activist and member of the Ogoni people. In 1994, Ken Saro Wiwa and other activists were arrested by the military government on made-up murder charges. They were tried in a military court, convicted, and sentenced to die by hanging. His death at the hands of the military government sparked international outrage and was a major factor in prompting calls for respecting human rights in Africa.

Methods: Nigeria won its independence peacefully in 1960 however the country was still ethnically divided which soon created problems that led to war. For example in the war with Biafra non-Yoruba minorities began to resent Yoruba control and in 1966 a group of army officers seized power in the city of Lagos. The officers abolished regional governments and declared martial law, or temporary military rule. The Nigerian government then went to war to reunite the country.

Lingering problems: People were still concerned about ethnic divisions in the nation. The Nigeria democracy was short-lived and in 1983 the military overthrew the civilian government charging it with corruption. After this a new military regime took over and was led by Hausa-Fulani. However in 1999 their first civilian president in 20 years was elected. Olusegun Obasanjo was reelected in 2003.

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Issues: Rapid population growth & a lingering gap between the rich & poor led Latin American nations to seek aid from both superpowers following WWII. The US stepped up. Previously, there had been much U.S. involvement in Latin America before WWII. They provided military & economic assistance to anti-Communist dictators. During the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an unpopular dictator named Fulgencio Batista who had U.S. support. However, much Cuban resentment led to a popular revolution that overthrew Batista in 1959.
Leaders: A young lawyer & communist by the name of Fidel Castro led that revolution. While he was a harsh dictator, he also brought social reforms to Cuba & improved their economy. These social & economic reforms aimed at improving the quality of life of the population while promoting and diversifying the sources of income of the their economy. They also included the gradual reduction of public jobs, the increase of private work, & updating the country's migration policy.
Methods: In 1960, the CIA invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs. However, the US did not provide the hoped for air support & Cuba's military forces easily defeated them, humiliating the United States. This convinced the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, that the US wouldn't be able to resist Soviet expansion & they began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. President Kennedy demanded for them to be removed because they were too close to the US & Khrushchev agreed as long as they didn't invade Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis had left Cuba completely dependent on Soviet support. In exchange for their support, Castro backed Communist revolutions in Latin America & Africa.

Lingering Problems: Cuba had become entirely reliant on the Soviet's economic & military aid following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Unfortunately for them in 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart & aid to Cuba stopped abruptly. This was a huge blow to Cuba, & Castro was forced to loosen his grip on their economy & work on bettering their relations with other countries.

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Main issues:
-  Kwame Krumah made programs for industrialization, health and welfare, and expanded educational facilities. Even though this was all meant with good intentions, the expense of the programs hurt the economy and helped his opponents become stronger. In 1966, while Krumah was away, the army and police took over Ghana. Since then, it has been a struggle for this nation to remain stable in their politics and their economy.
-Ghana also experienced the trouble of decolonization the struggle for independence. It was difficult to construct a new economy and government at first There were also ongoing conflicts between different tribes because of ethnicity, the borders in which they lived in means tribes were housed together with their natural enemies.
Leader(s): Kwame Krumah
-Although a few regions have already been freed from the British the Africans wanted full freedom. To help them achieve this was Kwame Krumah.
-Krumah started his work in 1957 by organizing strikes and boycotts. He was often imprisoned by the British government for his participation.
-He became Ghana's first prime minister ( and later its president-for-life) because of his successful attempts. He later improved many factors for Ghana such as education and welfare.
Methods:
-The methods Ghana used for empower the people were the Negritude Movement, which was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values.
-Ghana Africans created a largely nonviolent movement in order to achieve independence.
- Kwame Krumah made programs for industrialization, health and welfare, and expanded educational facilities. This westernization was brought into play in order to create a stronger nation, but it didn't work out.
Lingering Problems:
-Lingering problems that resulted from/trying to gain independence was much of the direct and indirect rule. Direct rule is when foreigners had complete control and self-governing was not possible.
-We also see as a result of gaining their freedom they had to reestablish many components of their region if they wanted to be a strong nation; an example of this would be a new government and new economy.
-The violence between the region itself also began from this new freedom; under European rule there were borders to separate many of these traditional enemies who began fighting again once the Europeans left.
-Overall this newly found freedom resulted in the general control of their land.

By Karen and Ayslinn

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Main Issues: The Dutch, who ruled the area of Southeast Asia known as Indonesia, saw their colonial empire crumble with the onset of World War 2. The Japanese conquered the region and destroyed the Dutch colonial order. When the war ended and the defeated Japanese were forced to leave, the people of Indonesia moved to establish a free nation. The Dutch, supported initially by Britain and the United States, attempted to regain control of Indonesia. But after losing the support of the United Nations and the United States, the Dutch agreed to grant Indonesia its independence in 1949. Sukarno's efforts to build a stable democratic nation were unsuccessful. He was not able to manage Indonesia's economy, and the country slid downhill rapidly. After Suharto became president, he managed to improve Indonesia's economy for a short period of time. Then from the years 1997-1998, the nation suffered one of the most financial crises in its history.
Leaders: Sukarno (1945-1967) Suharto (1967-1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004)
Methods: Sukarno led the Indonesia movement and was able to proclaim Indonesia's independence in August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered. Sukarno also assisted Indonesia to become the world's fourth most populous nation. (Despite being unsuccessful, Sukarno had attempted to guide the diverse nation in a parliamentary democracy). After seizing power by halting a group of junior army officers attempting to coup, Suharto turned Indonesia into a police state and imposed frequent periods of martial law. Despite major controversy, Suharto had also annexed East Timor in 1976. Upon taking office, Megawati Sukartoputri hailed the virtues of democracy and urged her fellow Indonesians to do what they could do to maintain such a form of democratic government.
Lingering Issues: During the time that Indonesia was attempting to overcome its numerous predicaments, it lost of East Timor. Jose Ramos Horta, an East Timorese independence campaigner, had accomplished the task of gaining independence for the region without violence. Pro-Indonesians were angered because of the results of United Nation- sponsored referendum that that granted Indonesia its independence. This led to a bloody rampage against East Timor, which was stopped abruptly by UN interference, bringing peace and allowing East Timor to celebrate its independence.

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Issues:

French colonization

Japanese takeover during WWII

After Ho Chi Minh defeated Japan, French intended to regain the colony.

U.S involvement because of it's communist containment policy during the Cold War

Division at 17 °  north latitude: Northern Vietnam under communist rule and a U.S/French anti-communist government established south of the line.

After Vietcong (communist guerrillas) gained power and support in southern Vietnam the U.S. became involved once again. The U.S. bombed the country and surrounding areas following a plan called "Vietnamization" to retreat troops while still preserving the government they had established there.

Northern communist victory and control had many sent to reeducation camps: caused many southerners to flee Vietnam

Leaders: Ho Chi Mihn- Vietnamese nationalist that turned to communist for help in struggle against French colonial rule. "Vietminh" was the name of his followers/revolutionaries.

Methods:  Some of the methods that were used by Ho Chi Minh is turning to the communist for help. This occurred when France started to control the resources in southeast Asia as a large area called "Indochina" which lead to revolts and strikes against the French. The Vietminh used methods such as hit-and-run tactics to confine the French to the cities, forcing them to surrender to Ho because they suffered a major military defeat.
Lingering Problems: The problems that still continue in the nation of Vietnam are that it is still a communist nation. A communist oppression caused 1.5 million people to flee Vietnam. This caused ship overcrowding and also caused 200,000 “boat people” to die at sea. About 70,000 made it and fled to the United States or Canada. Communism in Vietnam also nationalized industries and strictly controlled businesses.

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Main Issues: The fight against imperialist British, Russia, and later US post-WW2 was because of many invasions and attempts at conquering. This led to revolution that gave Persia a new leader and a new name.
Leaders: The the leaders of Iran were Shah Mohammed (ww2 to 1979), Khomeini (1979-now), and Reza Shah Pahlavi. Shah Mohammed was the leader that modernize his country but had conflicts of other empires trying to conquer his and many citizens being in extreme poverty. Khomeini had put in place a no foreign policy but had conflicts of fighting with Iran and rivaling them. Shah Pahlavi, also did modernize his country a bit but more importantly gave more rights and also changed Turkey's name to Iran.
Methods: The main methods the leaders used were very diffrent for every leader. Shah Mohammed used the method of weakening political leaders. Khomeini used methods of pointing to the enemies to their problems. Shah Pahlavi used methods of keeping all political power to himself and using religion.
lingering Problems: Some lingering problems for Iran were harsh living conditions for it's people, extreme poverty, against foreign aid, only greatest economic support comes from oil, many wars and fights against surrounding countries, a lot of violence, high religion importance, and almost no political power shared. Not only that but the past foreign aid they had received had become less and instead have people.

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Main Issues:
Many Kenyans fought in WW2 side by side with Europeans. This led to a sense of nationalism and many Europeans started to think that having colonies wasn’t a good idea.

-Ethnic conflicts: The borders European colonists drew failed to consider the territory ethnics groups lived in, causing enemies to be put in the same country and ethnic tribes to be split. This led to many conflicts.

Leaders:
Jomo Kenyatta: The first president was Kenyan nationalist who resisted British rule. The British thought he was associated or a supporter of the Mau Mau movement, so they imprisoned him for almost a decade.

The Mau Mau movement: The mau mau movement was a violent resistance group for Kenyan independence that used guerilla warfare. Many of its members were farmers who resented the British for pushing them out of their land.

Methods:

The Negritude movement was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. This was created by French-speaking Africans and West Indians to express their growing sense of black consciousness and pride in traditional Africa. When the British came and took over Kenya after they won the war, they were forced to accept African self-government but they resisted Kenyan independence while still allowing more Africans to be nominated to the Legislative Council. One strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist named Jomo Kenyatta who was willing to spend time in jail for his beliefs. Another strong leadership was a group called Mau Mau. This was a secret society made of Kenyan farmers who were forced out of the highlands when the British started to take over land. This group used guerrilla war tactics to make the white farmers using their land to leave.Going back to Kenyetta, he was imprisoned for nearly a decade because of his beliefs. Britain finally granted Kenya its independence in 1963, but by then more than 10,000 Africans and 100 settlers were killed.

Lingering Problems

When Kenya was finally given its freedom, there were still many difficulties for them to overcome, specifically new African nations. They had to deal from starting over their government to establishing a postcolonial economy. Many new countries had conflicts mixed between them. When the British moved in, they set up artificial borders that did more harm than help.

They had trapped ethnic groups who were fighting against each other which led to instability, violence, and an overall struggle to deal with their newly gained independence.

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Main Issues:
- During World War 1, the Ottoman Empire was defeated an conquered which split the empire and created the nation of Turkey.
Leaders:
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk had a serious combat history before entering the world of politics. He would fight Italians in 1911 and soon would fight the allies in 1915. Out of anger towards the outcome of World War One, Ataturk would soon start a nationalist revolution against the idea of kneeling to their allies enemies. This would be Ataturk's path to power and it would seal his legacy into the history of the Turkish empire.  Such a revolution would be what pushes the Greeks back from seizing Turkish land, and would guarantee the independence of the Turkish people. With the power he now held in the palm of his hand, he would establish a temporary government which would last up until the end of world war two. He was highly respected among the people of Turkey, even being given the name "Ataturk" which would mean father of the Turks in Turkish. He would not live to see the end of World War Two unfortunately. Dying in 1938.
Methods:
Before Ataturk would pass away, he made many efforts to support his homeland. These efforts were made in the form of political and social reforms.  This would include the liberation of Turkish women  and the abandonment of Islamic institutions. Not only that, Turkey would soon turn to hopping on the Westernization train to a modern economy. He changed the way Turkish people dress, the calendar, the Turkish alphabet, and the Turkish legal codes in order for the country of Turkey to appeal to a more modernized ideology .  Ataturk would not only modernize turkey but would also improve relations with their neighbors as a whole.
Lingering Problems:
The Kurdish-Turkish conflict:
A ethnic and religious conflict between the nation of Turkey and the Kurdish. The Kurds for decades have wanted their own country, but their traditional lands cross borders with three countries-Turkey,Iran, and Iraq. The Turks have responded to Kurdish nationalism by forbidding Kurds to speak their native languages.

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Main Issues: South Africa racially divided when under Dutch and British control, only gained self-rule as a dominion of the British empire, and in 1931 got part of the British Commonwealth.

S. Africa's constitution only benefited whites and denied black majority rights.

In 1948 National Party power in Africa, promoted Afrikaner, or Dutch South African nationalism.

Policy of Apartheid, which was complete separation of the races. Segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. Homeland policy made blacks and whites have different lands. Blacks forbidden in white areas. Unbalanced, even though S Africa was 75% black, they only had 13% of the land in the country. Whites had best land. Blacks didn't like the racism and fought back.

Leaders:
Nelson Mandela- Was the former leader of the ANC before it was banned and he was imprisoned. He was later on released by F.W. de Klerk and became the president of South Africa in 1994. He used this power to bring democracy to South Africa, to end segregation, and to give all people their rights. F.W. de Klerk- Was elected president in 1989, where in an attempt to bring South Africa out of isolation he legalized the ANC, and released Nelson Mandela. They began to repeal apartheid laws that segragated the country, which allowed other world leader to ease restriction on the country. In 1994 he also agreed to South Africa's first universal election, where people of all races could finally vote together. This election is the one that got Nelson Mandela to office. Desmond Tutu- Was a black South African Bishop, that was the leader of an economic campaign against the apartheid laws in the country. He got many countries to cut trade with the nation, and got South Africa banned from the olympic games.

Methods: In 1912 formed the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights. Made non violent strikes and boycotts to protest. Nelson Mandela was a leader in the ANC. Then in the 1980's Desmond Tutu led an economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations to not do business with S Africa. Isolated S. Africa from the world with this and other things like the olympics.

Lingering Problems: High rape and murder rates compared to the world. 40% of unemployment among blacks and 60% below poverty level. Economic downturn discouraged foreign investment. AIDS epidemic. estimates of 6 million S Africans to die from 1999 to 2010. Caused by HIV.