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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex.

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A twin-lens reflex camera  is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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a camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches. The main advantage of large format cameras is their incredible image resolution.

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the photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto a support such as glass, flexible plastic or film, baryta paper, or resin-coated paper.

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They collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum. They are also responsible for the storage and presentation of photographical collections.

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A public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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using elements of a scene to create a frame within your frame. For example, you might shoot through a doorway, pulled back curtains, branches, fences, tunnels, or arches to highlight your subject.

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A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity. • Hue: name of color • Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black is added) • Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color is faint and dull

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art.

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Is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar.

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Is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

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Is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

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Is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body.

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Is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. To keep rhythm exciting and active, variety is essential.

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Is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area could be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.

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Is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

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elements radiate out (in a circular shape) from one main center point. If you're looking to create a strong focal point, radial balance is an effective technique because your eyes are naturally drawn inwards to the center.

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a line that splits an object in half and, if both sides of the object are an exact mirror image of each other, then this object is said to be symmetrical. The line that splits a symmetrical object is called the line of symmetry.

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Something asymmetrical has two sides that don't match — it's uneven or out of whack.

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placing two things together in order to show a contrast. ... Juxtaposition photography is a very powerful tool. It can show seriousness or convey a comical representation of a scene, setting or concept.

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Typically one color is presented in different values and intensities — or different shades of the single color.

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it does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality but instead use shapes, colors, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger.

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming.

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Complementary colors are ones which are opposite on the color wheel. They appear often in nature and are called complementary because they do just that, complement one another. They work well and make strong compositions.

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Neutral colors can be defined as those colors to which you can't give a definite color name. If you can't describe your color scheme as blue, green, yellow, turquoise, pink, orange, red, etc, then you most likely have neutral coloring. These colors include beige, cream, ivory, white, grey, brown and natural wood.

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dividing up your image using 2 horizontal lines and 2 vertical lines,  The idea is that an off-centre composition is more pleasing to the eye and looks more natural than one where the subject is placed right in the middle of the frame.

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by using the golden ratio, you are creating an image that is naturally more pleasing to the eye. The Rule of Thirds is one of the first compositional rules most new photographers learn

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the viewer of your photos attention is drawn to lines that lead to the main subject of the image. A leading line paves an easy path for the eye to follow through different elements of a photo.

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Positive space refers to the main focus of a picture

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negative space refers to the background.

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an impersonal image not influenced by feelings, interpretations or prejudice. To create an unbiased photographic image or documentary.

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emphasizes consideration of the photo that goes beyond the actual subject, inviting the viewer to interpret and reflect on the visual experience it produces.

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means that we actually accomplish something. Vicious critique can contain no substance (“your photos are horrible”), or some substance wrapped in blistering words (“your photos are bad, you need to learn to use your camera”). Both are equally ineffective.

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A common unethical practice on the rise these days in the world of photography is plagiarism. Plagiarism in its simplest terms means stealing the idea of someone else to create your own work, without giving any credit to the original source.

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a brand name. According to the U.S. Patent and Trade Office, it's a “word, name, symbol, device, or any combination, used or intended to be used to identify and distinguish the goods/services of one seller or provider from those of others, and to indicate the source of the goods/services.

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the moral principles that people work with. 'Correctness' or acceptable conduct is one of the outcomes of ethics. Photographers have developed their own ideas about what is right and wrong.

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the main source of light behind the photography subject. ... The subject is then placed in the middle of the light and the camera. This creates a certain glow effect at the edges or at the back of the subject.

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to soften it by reducing glare and harsh shadows. In diffused lighting, subjects will appear to have shadows with very soft edges or no edges at all. Diffused light can bring out the best in your photography subjects by minimizing blemishes and wrinkles.

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any form of light that the photographer did not add to their image, and can include both "natural" ambient sunlight, or "artificial" ambient light such as a nearby street light, lamp, or similar.

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the effect of light modeling in painting, drawing, or printmaking, where three-dimensional volume is suggested by the value gradation of color and the analytical division of light and shadow shapes—often called "shading".

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a wonderful way to convey drama, mystery, emotion and mood in a picture. A silhouette is defined as a view of an object or a scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior, with the silhouetted object usually being black.

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a pair of paintings hinged together. In photography the diptych has become a popular format. Pairs of closely associated portraits, images or themed pictures are often used to off-set one another.

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a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.

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a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid.

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the process of taking photographs during the time of the day that is known as the blue hour. The blue hour occurs before sunrise in the morning and after sunset in the evening. The sun has dipped a certain amount below the horizon.

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the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky.

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With digital photography, images are stored as a digital file. ... RAW files are lossless. To reduce file size, the camera can discard part of the data not easily perceptible to the human eye. A JPEG is a lossy file. A TIFF file is, in principle, a flexible format that can be lossless or lossy.

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A camera's raw image file contains unprocessed or minimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera. ... Canon's RAW file extension is .CR2, Nikon's is .NEF, Olympus' is .ORF, Sony's is .ARW etc. First of all, you have to set your camera to shoot RAW, or RAW+JPEG.

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a layered image file used in Adobe PhotoShop. PSD, which stands for Photoshop Document, is the default format that Photoshop uses for saving data. PSD is a proprietary file that allows the user to work with the images' individual layers even after the file has been saved.

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JPEG. Stands for "Joint Photographic Experts Group."JPEG is a popular image file format. It is commonly used by digital cameras to store photos since it supports 2²⁴ or 16,777,216 colors. ... Still, the compression algorithm is lossy, meaning some image quality is lost during the compression process.

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Tagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. The format was created by Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing.

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a mode in a digital camera where the camera's software fully controls all aspects of the photograph, from the shutter speed to the aperture setting to the focus.

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It allows the photographer to determine the exposure of an image by letting them select an aperture value and a shutter speed value. ... These modes give the user control of either aperture or shutter speed, while letting the camera determine the remaining setting for best exposure.

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Program mode (the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs)means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed. Program mode also unlocks other functions that give you more creative control over your images.

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a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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often abbreviated A or Av on a camera mode dial, is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter.

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the sensitivity of the image sensor. The same principles apply as in film photography – the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. ... By choosing a higher ISO you can use a faster shutter speed to freeze the movement.

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random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera. ... Image noise is an undesirable by-product of image capture that obscures the desired information.

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a scale created by the American Standards Association, but it is no longer widely used. Now, most film is labeled by ISO, which was created in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization.

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the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. ... It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged photographic film photograph.

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an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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(Digital Single Lens Reflex) A digital still image camera that uses a single lens reflex (SLR) mechanism. Most professional cameras were analog single lens reflex until digital SLRs emerged in the early 1990s.

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text information pertaining to an image file that is embedded into the file or contained in a separate file that is associated with it. Image metadata includes details relevant to the image itself as well as information about its production. Metadata can also be added directly on some digital cameras.

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a small image that represents a larger one. Thumbnails are often used to provide snapshots of several images in a single space. They are commonly used by digital photo organization programs as well as visual search engines. ... Digital thumbnails are usually between 75x75 and 200x200 pixels in size.

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an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Nikon VR originates in the lens, not in the image sensor, which means that algorithms optimized to an individual lens are applied.

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what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a beep and some of the AF points will light up often in a red or green color in the viewfinder or on the display screen.

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the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings. ... Auto bracketing is a feature of many modern cameras. When set, it will automatically take several bracketed shots, rather than the photographer altering the settings by hand between each shot.

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predicts a photo's exposure, relative to the standard exposure, taken with the current meter reading and using the current exposure settings. In autoexposure modes, the exposure level indicator stays pegged in the middle.

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used to alter exposure from the value selected by the camera, making photographs brighter or darker. In modes P, S, and A, the camera automatically adjusts settings for optimal exposure, but this may not always produce the exposure the photographer intended.

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also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode or continuous high speed mode, is a shooting mode in still cameras. In burst mode, several photographs are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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The f-stop is the "aperture" opening of a camera lens, which allows light to come in. It also determines how much is in focus in front of and behind the subject (see depth of field).

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Aperture can be defined as the opening in a lens through which light passes to enter the camera. It is expressed in f-numbers like f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8 and so on to express the size of the lens opening, which can be controlled through the lens or the camera.

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the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider. Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph

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the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm). In the case of zoom lenses, both the minimum and maximum focal lengths are stated.

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In photography and digital photography the shutter speed is the unit of measurement which determines how long shutter remains open as the picture is taken. The slower the shutter speed, the longer the exposure time. The shutter speed and aperture together control the total amount of light reaching the sensor.

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exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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Motion blur is the streak-like effect that occurs when shooting a still image or video, because your subjects are moving rapidly through the frame, or the camera exposure is particularly long

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Just as the TRI in tripod means three, the MONO in monopod means you guessed it one! They are simply a single leg support on which you can mount your camera and/or lens. Monopods are perfect for taking the weight of a heavy lens/camera combination to stop aches and pains from a long day of shooting.

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Auto White Balance sometimes give very close results to what you see with your eyes.

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the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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Tungsten – this mode is usually symbolized with a little bulb and is for shooting indoors, especially under tungsten (incandescent) lighting (such as bulb lighting). It generally cools down the colors in photos. Fluorescent – this compensates for the 'cool' light of fluorescent light and will warm up your shots.

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This mode is used for getting brighter and warmer shots while compensating for the cool shade of fluorescent light.

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White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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When talking about photography the term 'shadow' is used to describe the darkest parts of an image. ... Manipulation of the lighting and exposure of shadow within an image can be used to add or remove darkness from a scene, dramatically altering the overall feel and depth of a photograph.

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That range of tones which lie between highlights with detail and shadows with detail. * Usually represents the portion of tone reproduction in which gradations change in proportion to change in brightness. * Compare with mid-tone.

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A highlight is a bright spot in a photograph. Normally it is assumed to be one of the brightest points in the image. Highlights are normally created by a bright or intense illumination or by various forms of diffusion or reflection. Highlights are created by any bright light source.