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" It is clear that this entire coronation of Hatshepsut, like the supernatural birth, is an artificial creation, a fiction of later origin, prompted by political necessity… "

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1. purification: Hat (child) before Amun and Khons washing her
2. presentation to gods: Amun holds Hat on lap. surrounded by gods (N+S)
3. northern journey: Hat and her father journey north, received by gods (N+S)
4. coronation Atum: Hat is led to Atum by Hathor
5. reception of crowns and names: Hat is presented with red crown and white crown and royal names
6. proclamation as King: Hat in kingly regalia before Amun. wears double crown
7. coronation before court: coronation before the court at command of Thut1
8. concluding ceremonies: further purification rituals, queen led away by Horus. her kingship confirmed with text 'thou hast establised thy dignity as king and appeared upon Horus throne'

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"Once Thutmose II was born, however, the normal practice of male primogeniture would have prevailed and Hatshepsut’s designation as heir would have been ruled out."

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"These claims are fictitious..."

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The co-regency was unconventional, with Hatshepsut crowned herself co-regent and took seniority over the reigning pharaoh - Thutmose III.

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Hatshepsut's co-regency and claim to the throne was 'unconstitutional' and considered a usurpation.

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Using Ma'at within her titulary clearly shows how Hat was trying to associate herself with the important goddess. she also feminised the traditional pharaonic title 'son of Re' using 'daughter of Re' along side it. by adding ma'at in her titulary as well, she emphasised her importance and link to the gods

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G.Callender on Hatshepsut claiming  co-regency:

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G.Callender on Hatshepsut claiming  co-regency:

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"...delyaing her assumption of kingly prerogatives until some time after the legitimate coronation of Thutmose III" - Callender
Thutmose III was already crowned when Hatshepsut claimed the throne.

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- Hatshepsut's may have been the sister of Thutmose I who married her to maintain the tradition of the previous pharaoh's who married their own sisters to protect the royal bloodline

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the colossal striding statue of Hatshepsut

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the colossal striding statue of Hatshepsut

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each pharoah had 5 great names, Hatshepsut chose the following:

Weresert- kau --> Strong of Khas

Nebty wadjet - renput -> flourishing of years

Netjeret-khau --> Divine in (her) diadems (crowns)

Ma'at-ka-re --> True on of the ka of Re

- Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut --> Foremost of ladies - she is united with Amun - Hatshepsut

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VALUE:
- Supports claim to the throne as well as Hathshepsut's connection with Amun.
- Thutmose I approval.
- Reinstates divine relationship with Amun

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Sometime between the 2nd and 7th year of Thutmose III's reign, Hatshepsut crowned herself Pharaoh and became co-regent

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"bow-rope of the South, the mooring-stake of the Southerners; the excellent stern-rope"
Metaphor of Hatshepsut as the ropes that bind a boat to the shore, the boat being Egypt. He represents her as stability to the land, upholding Ma'at.

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Hatshepsut was keen to stress her religious claim as both physical and spiritual daughter of the god

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Hatse

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Hat

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Hatshepsut was keen to stress her religious claim as both the spiritual and physical daughter of the god

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Am

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Hatshepsut's regency was described as strong and prosperous

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coronation inscription is natural continuation of the divine birth scenes. consists of instances where hatshepsut emphasises her political right to the throne because her father chose her as the cheif heir.

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- already using the throne name Maat-Ka-Ra
- pottery seal in the tomb of Senenmut's mother refers to her with kingly title
- grants her daughter queenly titles
- changes in dress and titles on her statues. At the beginning her appearance is still feminine. By Year 7 her appearance is masculine and her titles kingly.

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Scene from Dier el-Bahri depicting the sexual union of Queen Ahmsoe and Amun --> conveyed by the god offering the ankh to the queen nostrils

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Scene from Dier

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Scene from

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Scene fr

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Lower register contains the series of reliefs and inscriptions on divine birth

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ISSUE:
- Many historians/scholars reject its legitimacy and claim it is propaganda.
- Potential bias, political and personal.

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the pink granite seated statue of Hatshepsut at her mortuary temple indicates that this is  the female stage as you can still see soft facial expressions in the face as well as legs apart from throne and palm faced upwards indicating offerings to the gods as well as a slim body figure indicating it is a female.

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Thutmose III was only 9 years old at the time of his accession. This left Hatshepsut to become his regent, managing his affairs until he was old enough to rule

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- Hatshepsut married her half brother during her fathers (Thutmose I) reign
- Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter called Neferure
- Thutmose had other children to minor wives
- Thutmose II had a son who became Thutmose III on the death of his father --- Thutmose III mother was a concubine called isis
- during the reign of Thutmose II his wife Hatshepsut was a conventional queen consort

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- Haynes & Redford support this date
- inscriptions on block #287 at her Red Chapel at Karnak mention an oracle given to Hatshepsut in the Year 2 "proclaiming for me the kingship... Year 2, Perit 29, third day of the festival of Amun
- need to become king before Thutmose III reached an age when he could rule alone (he was only 12 at this time)
- erected two obelisks in the Temple of Amun in Year 16 of her reign to celebrate her Heb Seb festival

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Ineni's account of Hathshepsut's claim as king

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Ineni's account of Hathshepsut's claim as king

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"...the excellent seed of the god..."
Her divine relations to Amun and the gods, legitimising her rule.

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Breaking tradition

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Main Scenes:
1. Prophecy of Amun
2. Gods announcement
3. The conception of Hatshepsut
4. Khnum fashions Hatshepsut
5. Queen Ahmose is led to birthing chamber
6. Birth of Hatshepsut
7. Presentation to Amun

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Totht

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T

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as great royal wife she initially held the titles:
- King's daughter -> sat nesut
- King's sister -> Senet nesut
- God's wife of Amun -> Hemet weret nesut

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-  Ahmose was not of royal blood as she lacked the title of 'King's daughter'.

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Found in the reliefs in the Middle Colonnade at Deir el-Bahri

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3 phases:
~feminine
female pharaoh
~androgynous step
reducing the female image and replaying some parts with the male pharaoh regalia
~ masculine
fully masculinised phase with no queen regalia found

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- most contested issue
- the timing of Hatshepsut's bid for the throne is a matter of keen speculation among scholars

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Claim to be the daughter of Amun (young kings claimed to be the sons of Re)