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any power or right not specifically listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government belongs to individual states or the American people themselves.

State of Missouri v. Holland 252 U.S. 416 (1920)

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Amendment 9- Rights retained by the People

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Amendment 9- Rights retained by the People

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all the rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people, not the government. the rights of the people are not limited to just the rights listed in the Constitution.

Planned Parenthood vs. Casey1992

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Amendment 8- Excessive bail shall not be required.

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Amendment 8- Excessive bail shall not be required.

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forbids the government from using torture as well as excessive fines and bail to punish people who have broken the law

Greg v Georgia is a U.S. Supreme Court case in which it was held that death penalty for murder was not in and of itself a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments

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civil cases, or lawsuits based on disagreements between people or businesses, have a right to be decided by a jury in federal court.

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sets rules about how a person must be treated when accused of a crime and goes to trial. These rules include the right to a lawyer, a public and speedy trial, and a jury.

Carey v. Musladin. Victims' free expression rights and defendants' rights to an impartial jury.

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The Fifth Amendment protects people from being put in “double jeopardy,” meaning they cannot be punished more than once for the same criminal act and that once found innocent of a crime they cannot be prosecuted again for the same crime.

New York v. Quarles (1984)

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the police cannot search a person's private property without a likely cause that a crime has been committed.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

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It protects Americans from the forced quartering of troops in their homes

President Harry Truman attempted to forcibly seize Steel Mills that were privately owned.

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It means that Americans have the right to have weapons such as guns to protect their selves

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022)

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Amendment 1- Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly  

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Amendment 1- Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly  

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provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise

cox v. New Hampshire. Protest and freedom to assemble