# data[].attributes.headline
6. What can we do to prepare for future disasters?

# data[].attributes.subject
6. What can we do to prepare for future disasters?

# data[].attributes.body
Private-sector representation

The increasing collision of the world of business with disruptive phenomena such as intense storms and floods, earthquakes and volcanic ash clouds, explains why the private sector will be represented in greater numbers than ever before at the UN gathering, which kicks off in Sendai, Japan, on Saturday.

The Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction will mark a coming of age for the world’s business community as it plays a key role in the opening act of the post-2015 Development Agenda, which will see major new interlocking frameworks adopted by UN member states on disaster risk reduction, sustainable development goals and climate during the course of the year.

As Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said last week at the New York launch of the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: “Sustainability begins in Sendai” and it is essential that the private sector is engaged.

A concerted effort has been under way for some years now by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction to bring the private sector in from the cold in order to take on a role in improving how we manage not only disasters but also how we manage disaster risk so that we avoid losses in the first place. They participate regularly now in regional meetings in Asia, Africa, the Americas, the Middle East and the Pacific.

Existential threat

Business people were certainly overlooked at the last world conference in Kobe, Japan, in 2005, when the focus was very much on developing a framework agreement which would reduce mortality from disasters after the loss of over 227,000 lives in the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Since then we have seen a staggering escalation in economic losses from disasters, which act as a serious brake on sustainable development, job creation and the availability of funds for poverty reduction programmes, health and education.

Absolute losses may be highest in economic powerhouses like China, the USA and Japan, but they are also better equipped to sustain the impact of those losses. Disasters pose an existential threat to those involved in tourism in small island developing states or managing agribusiness investment in drought-prone countries. One intensive event could spell bankruptcy.

A key area of concern for UNISDR’s Private Sector Advisory Group is the fact that insurance pricing often does not reflect risk levels or provide an adequate incentive for risk-sensitive business investment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries with low penetration rates but rapidly growing markets.

One response has been the launch of the R!SE Initiative which seeks to reform how risk is viewed on corporate balance sheets and to encourage disaster risk-informed investment strategies.

The private sector is also an important player when it comes to ensuring that infrastructure and public utilities, such as roads, energy supply, water systems and telecommunications are built to high standards, are risk-proof and located away from hazard-prone locations wherever possible.

UNISDR now estimates that losses from disasters are running at between $250 billion to $300 billion a year. New and additional losses are set to grow dramatically in the coming 15 years when it is estimated by the Global Commission on the Economy and the Climate that $90 trillion will be invested in new infrastructure. If $6 billion or 0.1% of that money were set aside each year for investment in disaster-risk management, then that would result in avoided losses of $360 billion over the whole lifetime of the particular investment. Typical cost-benefit ratios lie in the range from 3:1 to 15:1. The European Union states that €1 invested in disaster-risk reduction saves from €4 to €7 in disaster response.

At the World Conference, business leaders will be asked to contemplate some difficult future scenarios simply because we want to avoid them. They are stepping up to the plate and participating in over 30 working sessions from reducing disaster risk in urban settings to risk-sensitive investment to disaster risk in the financial system.

The new framework for disaster-risk reduction which will emerge from the World Conference will be an inclusive one, taking on board the views and inputs of a wide range of major groups, including the private sector. It will recognize the need for the public and private sectors, businesses and local communities to work more closely together to reduce existing levels of disaster risk and to avoid the creation of new risk.

Change in attitude

Change happens by making something so attractive and affordable that everyone chooses it. What could be more affordable than a small investment and a change in attitude which keeps your business going despite a flood, a storm or an earthquake?

Experience tells us that nobody is quicker at understanding the economic benefits of disaster-risk reduction than business people who have experienced losses first-hand. At Sendai, there will also be plenty of people on hand to tell positive stories of investments that reflect well on their industries because they stayed in business and were there for customers, employees and others in their hour of need.

Employment and business revenues declined for many SMEs in Christchurch, New Zealand,after the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes, but $6 million invested in seismic-strengthening work by Orion, the local electricity distribution company, saved more than $65 million in direct losses and kept a vital service going.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Introduction
2. Background Information
3. Timeline
- Before the Earthquake
- Earthquake hits
- After Earthquake
- Tsunami hits
- After the Tsunami
- World's reaction
4. Mitigation efforts and help efforts
5. Impact
6. What can we do to prepare for future disasters?

# data[].attributes.body
The magnitude 7.5 earthquake and tsunami that struck Central Sulawesi in September of 2018 was particularly tragic, resulting in 4,402 deaths, approximately 170,000 displaced people, and USD1.3 billion in economic losses. Roads and bridges were severely damaged, leaving the population without access to critical services, and complicating emergency management and immediate relief activities. The World Bank has been supporting the Government of Indonesia in the recovery of the region through the reconstruction of assets, technical assistance and capacity building, among other activities. In this context, the Contingency for Disaster Risk Response Component of an ongoing USD250 million loan road project was triggered to support the rehabilitation and reconstruction of roads and bridges. In addition, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing and the World Bank partnered on a technical assistance program, with the support of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, to promote the systematic inclusion of disaster and climate resilience principles into all stages of road and bridge projects.

National disaster databases and disaster risk assessment systems were also reviewed. This confirmed the importance of focusing on specific disasters that affect roads and bridges disproportionally in Indonesia and the impacts of which can be mitigated through enhanced guidelines and technical specifications. More specifically, the analysis revealed that four hazard types cause the most significant impacts to the road network: landslides, floods, tsunamis and earthquakes.

# data[].attributes.body
The Australian Government has committed $10.25 million to support the Indonesian Government and humanitarian partners to respond to the needs of communities impacted by the earthquake and tsunami. This includes:

$2 million through the Australian Humanitarian Partnership for Australian non-government organisations (NGOs) to work with their Indonesian partners to provide life-saving support to around 60,000 people by meeting immediate water and sanitation needs, providing shelter, protection services and psychosocial support, and through distribution of essential supplies.

Providing hygiene and reproductive health assistance to over 25,000 women and girls through UN agencies and international and local NGOs

$1 million for the Red Cross to provide around 80,000 people with access to shelter, sanitation and clean water.

Up to $1,000,000 in Australian Government humanitarian relief supplies and logistics support to provide around 30,000 people with essential items including tarpaulins and tools to build shelter, items to ensure people have safe water and access to electricity.

Australia is examining further contributions to the recovery effort, including working with multilateral partners to rehabilitate damaged infrastructure and provide cash assistance to affected populations.

The Australia Defence Force (ADF) is supporting the Indonesian Government in their response efforts, including delivering humanitarian supplies on ADF aircraft.

Nine Australian Defence Force (ADF) C-130 flights have delivered humanitarian supplies and equipment from Darwin to Balikpapan, including tarpaulins, family tents, generators and water purification supplies. An ADF C-17 delivered pre-positioned Australian and ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Centre) supplies from Subang, Malaysia to Balikpapan. An ADF C-130 aircraft has also carried humanitarian supplies between Balikpapan and Palu and evacuated people from affected areas.

Australia will continue to work with the Indonesian Government and partners to identify and address the needs of affected populations.

# data[].attributes.body
Indonesians in Java and Sumatra experienced earthquakes in April and July 2018 respectively, but the most damaging quakes of 2018 occurred later on Lombok island and in Central Sulawesi.

July 28, Aug. 5, Aug. 9, Aug. 19

A series of earthquakes and numerous aftershocks badly affected North and East Lombok, including Mataram city, the provincial capital, which is home to 440,000 people.

September 28

A magnitude 7.5 quake and tsunami killed more than 2,000 people and laid waste to Palu, the capital, and nearby areas on Sulawesi island.

December 22

A tsunami struck Java and Sumatra starting at 9:30 p.m. and resulting in more than 300 deaths. The tsunami was likely caused by undersea landslides due to the ongoing eruption of Anak Krakatau volcano located in the Sunda Strait. Anak Krakatau’s most recent series of eruptions started in June 2018.

On 28 September, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, resulting in 1.5 metre tsunami waves that caused widespread damage and destruction to the areas of Palu and Donggala.

On 4 October, Indonesian authorities estimated 2.4 million people were affected. The ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance estimated that some 191,000 people were in need of immediate humanitarian assistance.

As of 22 October, the death toll from the earthquake and tsunami stood at more than 2,000 people, with over 4,600 severely injured and at least 210,000 people displaced from their homes. There is a possibility the death toll will further increase. The damage to homes, buildings and critical infrastructure is widespread, including to health services and schools. Affected people are facing health risks due to the lack of clean water, food and sanitation.

# data[].attributes.body
The distinctive shape of Sulawesi - often said to resemble petals of an orchid, marks it as one of Indonesia's most unique islands. The geological history of the island is an extremely complex one, involving major tectonic action most likely caused by a collision of three lithospheric plates some 250 million years ago.

Situated between the Maluku Islands and Borneo, Sulawesi boasts the fourth-largest area and third-largest population of any of Indonesia's islands. While Sulawesi may still be relatively unknown to most foreign tourists, those who venture here will not be disappointed by the white powdery beaches along its meandering coastline, or the towering volcanic mountains in the middle of the island.

The Sulawesi Lowland Rain Forests [AA0123] harbor some of the most unique animals on Earth. The islands are located in the region known as Wallacea, which contains a distinctive fauna representing a mix of Asian and Australasian species. A fruit-eating pig with huge tusks, a dwarf buffalo, endemic macaques, and cuscuses exemplify a truly unique mammal community. Sulawesi, like the hub of a wheel, is surrounded by a variety of exotic ocean basins, including the Flores Sea, the Banda Sea, the Molucca Sea, the Java Sea, and the Straits of Makassar, as well as the diverse islands of Borneo, Java, Flores, Halmahera, and the Philippines. More than half of the original forest has been cleared, and most of the remaining forests have been reduced to fragments.

# data[].attributes.body
On 28 September, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, resulting in 1.5 metre tsunami waves that caused widespread damage and destruction to the areas of Palu and Donggala.