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The 1.7 Billion industry harnesses its profits from various elements, from selling textbooks to selling the infamous $65 charge for the SATs. There are also indirect costs such as charging for practice tests, and the workbooks that sometimes aren't used at all in some classes.

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-https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/schools/testing/companies.html
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https://www.nea.org/professional-excellence/student-engagement/tools-tips/history-standardized-testing-united-states

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History of Standardized Testing in the United States | NEA

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Explore more than 150 years of assessment student achievement.

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The growth of the Testing Industry is immense, testing first began orally to teachers, but written exams were first given around the late 1800's. The foundation of important organizations such as The College Board in 1900 increased the industry and its profits. However these corporations were inclusive and often discriminated against people of color. These companies have now taken more measures to avoid this, but its effects are still present.

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Testing is one of the most significant parts of education, especially in public U.S education. However the Testing Industry has its faults, as data from said corporations can be manipulated and the tests given have various issues such as professionalism in running said tests, and inconsideration of environments and other circumstances.

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Though the No Child Left Behind Act was made to help disadvantaged students in public education, others can argue it was more beneficial for the Testing Industry. It increased the profit for the companies that designed tests that were discriminatory at one point.

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The big four in the testing industry refers to the largest companies that have the most influence and are part of the whole country's education system. The big four are McGraw Hill, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Riverside Insights, and Pearson. They are in charge from the SATs to the standardized state testing HHS takes.