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This cartoon illustrates that the rich are running around and playing with the poor. You can see how the dice and other things that would be used in a board game are being used by the large people (the rich) showing control over everyone else.

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The term 'Big Business' originated in the late 1800's commercial as a derogatory term for large corporations and unfair business practices.

Had a lot of monopoly (one business controls all.)

Emerged during the period of intense economic and industrial growth during the US Industrial Revolution.

New inventions, innovations and technology provided the entrepreneurs of the era with the opportunity to create the massive organizations (big business.)

The late 1800's were dominated by the big business and corporations that operated in the oil and petrol business, the steel industry, the railroads, textiles and food production.

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The Rise of Big Business and corporations was driven by men of vision who took risks developing new inventions whose determination earned them vast amounts of money, fame and success.

The men who built the new industries all made a significant contribution to the economy of the United States by expanding markets and increasing trade.

These entrepreneurs also used new methods, inventions and technology to increase productivity and create new jobs.

The Rise of Big Business and corporations saw varying business practices and ethics which led to wealthy industrialists being referred to either as Robber Barons or Captains of Industry.

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The Rise of Big Business and corporations in the United States really began in the mid 1800's.

The Rise of Big Business was made possible by establishing corporations that used economies of scale. (Organization formed with state governmental approval that is owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a single person that has its own powers, duties, and liabilities.)

Had to be able to make goods more cheaply and quickly and cut prices by using using large manufacturing facilities.

Big Business and corporations had to form trusts which enabled them to merge businesses without violating the laws against owning other companies which enabled them to continue the practice of regulating the supply and price of commodities.

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Laws were passed in response to public demand that the monopolies be regulated.

The Rise of Big Business and corporations was allowed to continue and exacerbated in 1889 when the state of New Jersey passed a new incorporation law. (Allowed companies to create a new organization called a 'Holding Company'.)

By the beginning of the 1900's the United States had over 300 holding companies.

the major sectors of the nation's economy were dominated by a small number of massive corporations.

Big Business and Corporations had control over the railroads, banking, steel, oil refining, meat packing and manufacturing.

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The Gilded Age, Robber Barons, & The Rise of Big Business: BRI's AP U.S. History Exam Study Guide

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Industrial Growth and the Rise of Big Business

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African Americans in the Progressive Era

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The Niagara Movement was developed in 1905 by William Monroe Trotter and W. E. B. Du Bois with the mission to develop an aggressive way of fighting racial inequality.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was also  an outgrowth of the Niagara Movement and was established in 1909. Which has been essential to fighting social and racial inequality through legislation, court cases, and protests.

The National Urban League also tried to provide economic empowerment to African Americans who migrated from southern rural areas to northern cities through the Great Migration.

The NACW was also developed to help the economic, moral, religious and social welfare of women and children as well as work to end social and racial inequality.

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W.E.B Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement and later the NAACP.

W.E.B Du Bois also argued that African Americans should consistently fight for racial equality.

Ida B. Wells was a journalist who also wrote about the horrors of lynching in the South.

She was one of several white and black journalists who wrote news stories about social, political, and economic conditions that led to changes for many African Americans.

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The mainstream newspapers during the Progressive Era focused on the horrors of urban blight and political corruption, lynching and the effects of Jim Crow laws were ignored.

In response, African-Americans began publishing daily and weekly newspapers such as the "Chicago Defender," "Amsterdam News,"​ and the "Pittsburgh Courier" to expose the local and national injustices of African Americans.

As well as Black Press, journalists such as William Monroe Trotter, James Weldon Johnson, and Ida B. Wells wrote about lynching and segregation as well as the importance of becoming socially and politically active.

Monthly publications published by the National Urban League became necessary to spread the news about the positive achievements of African Americans as well.

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Even though the African American fought to end discrimination, it did not lead to immediate changes in legislation. Several changes did take place that impacted African Americans.

Also, organizations such as the Niagara Movement, NACW, NAACP, NUL all resulted in building stronger African-American communities by providing healthcare, housing, and educational services.

The reporting of lynching and other acts of terror in African American communities' newspapers also led to mainstream newspapers publishing articles and editorials on this issue, making it a national initiative.

Lastly, the work of Washington, Du Bois, Wells, Terrell, and countless others ultimately led to the protests of the Civil Rights Movement sixty years later.

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Early 20th Century African American Migration Preview

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In the beginning, most of the population worked in agriculture and children gradually moved into tasks demanding greater strength and skills as they aged.

Some people also ran experiments to determined that the amounts of income generated were largely based on the age and skill of many child laborers.

Some children as young as 5 or 6 worked too, and many children worked long shifts up to 12 hours.

Some even worked near dangerous fumes, poisonous gases and chemicals, and deadly mechanized equipment.

There also have been many cases of people getting mutilated and disfigured, and even killed by heavy machinery.

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Also, while Americans at the time supported the role of children working on family farms, there was little awareness of the other forms of labor being undertaken by young hands.

Journalists also made portraits of young miners, mill workers, cotton pickers, cigar rollers, newsboys, pin boys, oyster shuckers, and factory workers to put faces on the issue.

These were mainly used by reformers to raise awareness and drive legislation that would protect young workers or stop their employment.

Finally, after several attempts in congress, the NCLC-backed Fair Labor Standards Act passed in 1938, with child labor provisions that remain even today, barring the employment of anyone under the age of 16.

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Child Labor in the United States, Early 1900's

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Many spent entire days tending a machine in a large, crowded, noisy room while others worked in coal mines, steel mills, railroads, slaughterhouses, and other dangerous occupations.

Most were not paid well, and the typical workday was 12 hours or more, six days per week.

Owners also spent little money to improve the safety and comfort of its workers.

Also, since there were no laws protecting workers, owners took no responsibility for employees who got hurt or sick on the job.

This meant that immigrants who had limited skills and spoke little English, could easily be taken advantage of business owners.

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In 1908 to 1912, photographer Lewis W. Hine took his camera across America to photograph children as young as three years old working for long hours, often under dangerous conditions, in factories, mines, and fields.

In 1909, he published the first of many photo essays depicting working children at risk.

In these photographs, the essence of wasted youth is apparent in the sorrowful and even angry faces of his subjects. Some of his images, such as the young girl in the mill glimpsing out the window, are among the most famous photographs ever taken.

Also, as industrialization grew, owners demanded more of their workers. So to deal with the problems, workers formed organizations and realized that they had strength if they acted together.

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In this political cartoon, it shows how business owners were willing to give up the lives and well being of children for money. This is expressed through showing how a child has died on the grave of profit.

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National Women's History Museum - Administrative Offices

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Divorce was also neither prevalent nor particularly acceptable during the first half of the nineteenth century.

There were strong social and religious objections to the sundering of what many viewed as a sacred commitment.

The whole concept of divorce was anathema to many and was usually applied only as a least resort.

The goal was to become renowned for having among the most liberal divorce laws and acquiescent court systems in the nation.

There was also a territorial law passed that allowed the General and Circuit Courts to grant absolute divorce in cases of bigamy, impotency, and adultery. Which acted as another big step toward women rights.

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Woman gave up so many civil and property rights upon crossing the threshold of marriage that they were said to be entering a state of "civil death."

This unhappy circumstance arose partially because American (and Indiana) law was based upon English common law that predicated on precedent and fixed principles.

Married women generally were not allowed to make contracts, devise wills, take part in other legal transactions, or control any wages they might earn.

One of the few legal advantages of marriage for a woman was that her husband was obligated to support her and be responsible for her debts.

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A single woman had few special strictures placed upon her property rights. Her married sisters, however, found themselves subordinate to and bound by the decisions of their husbands.

Under the common law doctrine of coverture, a woman's property usually went to her husband with the whispering of the "I do."

In doing so, the man "assumed absolute ownership of his wife's personal property," and for all practical purposes, her real estate as well.

He also gained control of any wages or other income accrued by his spouse. Technically, this meant that a man could do anything he wished with his wife's material possessions.

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Married women had another legal ally, equity law practiced in chancery courts, was adjudicated on the "inherent justice" of each case and acted as a counterbalance on the scales of justice to the more restrictive common law doctrines.

When adopted, the tenets of equity law could help loosen some of the strictures placed on married women which was very helpful to their growth.

One feature was the separate estate, in which property could be set aside under the wife's control.

Such property could have been willed to the wife, brought into the marriage, or been given to her by her husband.

This afforded the wife some freedom of action and protection.