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size and shape of fibers

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length of the fibres

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Short one can stay inside the cell

But long ones will break the cell and release whatever inside it

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worse if longer

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Surface reactivity

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Its surface reactivity, crystallinity, and the presence of transition metals. The size and shape of the fibers also affect their toxicity. The stability of the fibers will also determine if they are degraded or removed.

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transition metals

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Its degree of crystallinity determines how the fibres break down

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presence of transition metals -> enhance surface reactivity

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capability of it being released into the air as asbestos-containing materials

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Mesothelial cells were killed within 2-10 days of asbestos exposure, however a prolonged exposure of 30-50 years to asbestos can lead to chronic inflammation, and induced mesothelioma. Fibers less than 5 μm were encapsulated and removed from the lungs, preventing any chronic inflammation. However longer fibers are imperfectly phagocytosed, and result in "frustrated phagocytosis", causing them to remain in the lungs for extended periods of time, resulting in a malignant formation. Similar biomaterials which are rejected by the body and are not able to be phagocytosed, and are left to remain in the body tissue may also cause chronic inflammation and malignant formation like asbestos.

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Long fibres cannot be sealed inside the cell so gaps in the cell release the enzymes and acid at into the surroundings, damaging the surrounding tissue

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Asbestos that penetrate the pleura cause prolonged inflamation. This results in the gathering of Fe(2), IL-1B, ROS and HMGB1 which create a mutagenic environment. The persisting inflammation and presence of the BAP 1 mutation (suppresses mesothelial cell death) results in tumerous cells being formed but never killed

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Asbestos that penetrate the pleura cause prolonged inflamation. This results in the gathering of Fe(2), IL-1B, ROS and HMGB1 which create a mutagenic environment. The persisting inflammation and presence of the BAP 1 mutation (suppresses mesothelial cell death) results in tumerous cells being formed but never killed

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the presence of transition metals

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When breathing asbestos they reach alveoli the cause damage 

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When breathing asbestos they reach alveoli the cause damage 

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Short fibres are less likely to cause chronic inflammation, because long fibres cannot be fully engulfed, which causes the constant inflammation in the lungs etc

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Stability of the fibres in the lungs

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Long asbestos fibers are known to be as-sociated with carcinogenesis due to being unable to be properly phagacytosed, however shorter ones are able to be phagacytosed efficiently

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excess iron

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The surface of asbestos fibres matter as if they contain iron or transition metals they can react.

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Cells involved in the immune system like phagosomes may mistake biomaterials as harmful foreign objects and attempt to destroy them. This could result in problems with the destruction/removal process conducted by the cell that might cause the cell to harm surrounding tissue.

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continuous exposure to ROS and RNS as the result of frustrated phagocytosis damages DNA

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biocompatability

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Implanting something in the body that the body tries to remove may result in more harm to the body and act as a toxic substance.

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Might create a fibrous wall around it to protect the body which results in implant failure 

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Might create a fibrous wall around it to protect the body which results in implant failure 

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take geometry into consideration when thinking about biocompatibility

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need to consider the biocompatability and size of biomaterial. could use film to deter phagocytes. make bimaterial inert

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Biomaterials need to be designed to be small enough that they can be engulfed if there is doubt that the body will target them

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I think it shows that the designing of any implants etc show that shape and size matters aswell as the material. It can also show that even if a material is biocompatible in the short term, in the long term the low chronic inflammation can cause tissue remodelling or damage etc . This then could increase the risk of the thing in the body failing .

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Must be bioinert, biocompatible and if it must degrade in the body, do so into a size that the body can remove it in its entirety.

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immune systems may affect not only implanted biomaterials but also existing tissue

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Quality check is essential for implant safety

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The bodies response to asbestos fibres tells us this is not a biocompatible material. This links to the wider issue of implanting biomaterials because this same characteristic has to be considered when developing prosthetics for example. Whenever a material is implanted into the body it’s biocompatible and the way this material degrades over time has to be had into account. Materials that release shorter fibres when degrading should be prioritized over other types of materials. This way the body is able to get rid of the remaining fibers in a safe manner.

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chronic inflammation may occur as not every substance are biodegradable

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If you add a material inside the body, and let's say a sub-unit or a really small bit of that material were to enter the blood stream or just break off, perhaps it the body should be able to break it down. So we should ensure that the material would be able to break down.

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Short fibers can be completely encapsulated and removed by phagosomes, hence do not retain in the lungs and do not cause chronic inflammation

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Longer fibers are imperfectly phagocytosed by macrophages resulting in frustrated phagocytosis and remain in the lungs for extended periods