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BAGAIMANA WAJIB KAYA BERSAMA PUBLIC MUTUAL - Google Drive

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Persaraan sebagai jutawan bersama unit amanah no 1 Malaysia

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Active Learning | Center for Educational Innovation

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Active learning is any approach to instruction in

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Albert Bandura (1925 - Present)

Key Concepts

People learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. "Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.

Necessary conditions for effective modeling

Attention - various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One's characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention.

Retention - remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal

Reproduction - reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction.

Motivation - having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past (i.e. traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives) and vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model)

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura believed in "reciprocal determinism", that is, the world and a person's behavior cause each other, while behaviorism essentially states that one's environment causes one's behavior[2], Bandura, who was studying adolescent aggression, found this too simplistic, and so in addition he suggested that behavior causes environment as well[3]. Later, Bandura soon considered personality as an interaction between three components: the environment, behavior, and one's psychological processes (one's ability to entertain images in minds and language).

Social learning theory has sometimes been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. The theory is related to Vygotsky's Social Development Theory and Lave's Situated Learning, which also emphasize the importance of social learning.

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Additional Resources and References

Resources

References

1. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.

2. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

3. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.

5. Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

6. Bandura, A. & Walters, R. (1963). Social Learning and Personality Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

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Albert Bandura (1925 - Present) People learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. "Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action."

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M-learning in education

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What's the importance of mobile learning? Let's take a look at mobile learning in education and compare the advantages and disadvantages of mobile education.

M-learning in education

More and more schools are starting to use laptops or tablets. They're fun for children and adults. Educational apps are becoming increasingly available to teachers and trainers.

Examples of mobile learning in education:
Offering mobile learning material
This is the most common way of using mobile learning. You can offer texts, videos or audios. Participants can be given assignments after watching a video that their instructor has put online. This method of mobile learning is relatively less interactive. It's more about individual consumption. There is no interaction between the trainer and the learners, which makes it an asynchronous way of learning.
Interaction during lessons
Instructors can also use mobile devices to increase interaction. For example, you can ask questions during your training by using online discussion forums or asking your learners to complete a survey after taking a training.

Instructors ask questions and the learners answer them using their mobile devices or communicate between themselves in a group discussion forum. It's possible to get immediate feedback. This is especially effective when training large groups.
Synchronous learning
Would you like to have immediate feedback from your teacher or fellow students? This is possible with synchronous learning. You are able to get direct feedback even when you are at home. In addition, teachers can interact with their students during lectures.

Advantages of mobile learning

Wherever and whenever

It's possible to lay in bed and watch a lecture or complete a survey whenever you want.

Motivation

"We are going to take an online quiz!" You can see the smile on the children's faces. Children are motivated to learn when they can use tablets or other mobile devices.

Employees also feel more motivated to learn something new or to take a training if they can take their learning materials everywhere with them, especially when they don't have time to learn during their regular work hours.

Different types of content

You can add videos, audio files, and images with mobile learning. Videos make it possible to make learning livelier and more interesting.

Long distance is not a problem

While one learner might be in New York and the other in Amsterdam, it's still possible to view the same content and take the same tests! This is one of the main benefits of mobile learning.

Disadvantages of mobile learning

Distraction

Mobile devices can be a great distraction for participants. Children like learning on tablets, but gaming on tablets seems to be even more fun! As a teacher you are not always able to control what your pupils are doing on their tablets.

For adults, mobile learning can also be distracting if your users get constantly interrupted with text messages and notifications. Therefore, it requires self-discipline and focus on their part.

However, if you can make your training interactive and fun, the other applications available on mobiles won't be a distraction for your learners.

Lack of Internet connection or electricity

Using mobile devices for e-learning could be an issue if your users don't have Internet connection or electricity readily available.

In spite of that, data gathered by GSMA intelligence indicates that there are now more mobile devices than there are people in the world. Considering the enormous growth of mobile devices, a lack of Internet connection, poor connection quality, and restricted access to electricity should become problems of the past.

M-learning and our LMS

Mobile learning is certainly possible with our learning management system. The interface is set up to be fully responsive, which means it will look awesome and work beautifully on all sorts of devices, desktops and mobiles.

You're good to go with any modern device with a screen and an internet connection. ✨

With Easy LMS, you can easily create tests and training materials with videos, images and much more. You can set up discussion forums and provide real time interaction between learners.

It's also possible to share a survey with your users that they can answer during a lecture or training session.

Useful resources

Frequently Asked Questions

✔️ What is mobile learning?
Mobile learning is a new way to access learning content using mobiles. Mobile learning supports continuous access to the learning process.

✔️ What are some examples of M-learning in education?
Offering mobile learning material, interaction during lessons, synchronous learning.

✔️ What are the advantages of mobile learning?
Learn wherever and whenever, more motivation, different types of content, long distance is not a problem.

✔️ What are the disadvantages of mobile learning?
Distraction, lack of Internet connection or electricity.

✔️ Can Easy LMS be used for mobile learning?
Yes. The interface is set up to be fully responsive, which means it will look awesome and work beautifully on all sorts of devices.

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What is Mobile Learning (M-Learning)? Advantages & Disadvantages | Easy LMS

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What's the importance of mobile learning? Let's take a look at mobile learning in education and compare the advantages and disadvantages of mobile education. More and more schools are starting to use laptops or tablets. They're fun for children and adults. Educational apps are becoming increasingly available to teachers and trainers.

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The term personalized learning, or personalization, refers to a diverse variety of educational programs, learning experiences, instructional approaches, and academic-support strategies that are intended to address the distinct learning needs, interests, aspirations, or cultural backgrounds of individual students.

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The term personalized learning, or personalization, refers to a diverse variety of educational programs, learning experiences, instructional approaches, and academic-support strategies that are intended to address the distinct learning needs, interests, aspirations, or cultural backgrounds of individual students. Personalized learning is generally seen as an alternative to so-called "one-size-fits-all" approaches to schooling in which teachers may, for example, provide all students in a given course with the same type of instruction, the same assignments, and the same assessments with little variation or modification from student to student. Personalized learning may also be called student-centered learning , since the general goal is to make individual learning needs the primary consideration in important educational and instructional decisions, rather than what might be preferred, more convenient, or logistically easier for teachers and schools.

The term (and related synonyms) has become more widely used by online schools and companies selling online learning programs. It should be noted that "personalized learning," as it is typically designed and implemented in K-12 public schools, can differ significantly from the forms of "personalized learning" being offered and promoted by virtual schools and online learning programs. In some schools, however, personalized learning many take the form of " personalized learning blended learning,"or the practice of using both online and learning experiences when teaching students. When investigating or reporting on personalized learning, it is important to determine precisely how the term is being used in a specific context. For a related discussion on personalized learning and online schools, see the Debate section below.

Personalized learning is intended to facilitate the academic success of each student by first determining the learning needs, interests, and aspirations of individual students, and then providing learning experiences that are customized-to a greater or lesser extent-for each student. To accomplish this goal, schools, teachers, guidance counselors, and other educational specialists may employ a wide variety of educational methods, from intentionally cultivating strong and trusting student-adult relationships to modifying assignments and instructional strategies in the classroom to entirely redesigning the ways in which students are grouped and taught in a school.

Because personalized learning has such broad implications, and the term encompasses such a wide variety of potential programs and strategies, it may be difficult to determine precisely what the term is referring to when it is used without qualification, specific examples, or additional explanation.

The following representative examples will help illustrate the concept. Schools and educators might personalize learning for students by:

Reconfiguring the operational and educational structure of a large school so that students are organized into smaller groups and paired with a consistent team of teachers who get to know the students and their learning needs well. While this strategy takes a wide variety of forms from school to school, a few of the most common approaches are "smaller learning communities," , themed-based academies , or "schools-within-a-school"-an approach that involves the creation of distinct academic programs, or "schools," within the operational structure of larger school.

Eliminating the practice of grouping students into different academic "tracks" or tiered course levels based on their perceived ability or past academic performance-a practice called "heterogeneous grouping" or "mixed-ability grouping," in which students of various ability levels are enrolled in the same course or program. In these cases, as well as in other educational settings, teachers may employ a variety of personalized instructional and academic support strategies generally called differentiation , differentiated learning, or differentiated instruction.

Schools may create or offer students a variety of learning pathways -i.e., a wider and more diverse selection of learning experiences. Common examples include career-related internships that allow students to satisfy school graduation requirements or meet state-required learning standards ; dual-enrollment experiences that allow students to take courses at alternate institutions, such as colleges or universities, while also earning academic credit at their home school; or independent-study projects, which allow students to self-design learning experiences in collaboration with a teacher, mentor, or advisor.

Students may create and maintain personal learning plans , which describe their academic, collegiate, and career goals, while mapping out the educational decisions they need to make to achieve their goals, or portfolios , which are a cumulative record of a student's academic work and accomplishments. Teachers, advisors, and educational specialists may use these plans and portfolios to guide how they teach and support specific students.

Replacing more traditional homeroom periods or study halls with advisories -time in the school day for educators to meet with small groups of students and advise them on academic, social, and postsecondary-planning issues. Students may also be paired with advisors, adult mentors, or peer mentors who meet regularly with students over the course of several months, a year, or multiple years to help them acclimate to a school, navigate educational options, or plan for higher education and careers after graduation.

Using alternative educational approaches and instructional methods-such as authentic learning , blended learning , community-based learning , or project-based learning , to name just a few-that may give students more personal choice in their education and more opportunities pursue learning experiences that reflect their personal interests, career aspirations, or cultural heritage. Increasingly, a variety of digital and online learning options are being used to personalize learning for students.

Increasing the level of choice and personal responsibility students have in the instructional process. The concept of "student voice" refers to the values, opinions, beliefs, perspectives, and cultural backgrounds of individual students and groups of students in a school, and to instructional approaches and techniques that are based on student choices, interests, passions, and ambitions. As an alternative to more traditional forms of instruction in which teachers may make unilateral decisions with little or no input from students, introducing more student voice into the learning process in one way to personalize learning.

Debate

While personalized learning in public schools may become the object of debate, most debates tend to center on specific applications of personalized learning-such as the strategies described above-rather than on the general concept or pedagogical philosophy (which is so encompassing, multifaceted, and far-reaching that it would difficult to isolate specific arguments for or against it). That said, the idea of "personalized learning," in whatever manifestation, does have its ardent proponents and its equally ardent critics.

In some cases, criticism and debate about personalized learning may stem, at least in part, from a fundamental misunderstanding of the strategy. For example, the idea of "individualized instruction"-creating distinct courses of study and instructional strategies for every student-was popular for a brief of time in the 1970s until educators realized that it was impractical and unfeasible to develop unique academic programs for dozens of students in a class. Personalization, personalized learning, and personalized instruction -the practice of varying instructional techniques in a classroom to effectively teach as many students as possible-is not synonymous with individualized instruction as it was defined in the 1970s. The conflation of related but distinct terms and strategies such "differentiated instruction," "personalized instruction," and "individualized instruction" has likely contributed to ongoing confusion and debates about personalized learning, particularly given that these distinct terms are commonly used interchangeably.

It should also be noted that online schools and educational programs promoting "personalized learning" have also become the object of criticism, debate, and controversy. Many for-profit virtual schools and online collegiate degree programs, for example, have been accused of offering low-quality educational experiences to students, exploiting students or public programs, and using the popularity of concepts such as "personalized learning" to promote programs of dubious educational value.

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Personalized learning refers to educational strategies that address the distinct learning needs, interests, aspirations, or cultural backgrounds of students

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Flipped learning is a pedagogical approach in which the conventional notion of classroom-based learning is inverted, so that students are introduced to the learning material before class, with classroom time then being used to deepen understanding through discussion with peers and problem-solving activities facilitated by teachers.

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Future Development -Competencies Ahead

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