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Antarctic animals - The most abundant and best known animals from the southern continent, penguins, whales seals, albatrosses, other seabirds and a range of invertebrates you may have not heard of such as krill which form the basis of the Antarctic food web. Most of the animals of the south polar region are seasonal visitors, conditions are just too hard for most animals to live there in the winter.

Antarctica has an abundance of animal life including the charismatic mega fauna that you have seen pictures and videos of, though you may be surprised to find that they live far more interesting and complex lives than you imagine. Almost all of these animals are dependent on the sea, the largest truly land animal is a wingless midge about 13mm / 0.5 of an inch long. As the animal life is dependent on the sea and are mainly warm blooded, they tend to be pretty large as a survival technique against the extreme and relentless cold. That Antarctica can support such an abundance of large animals is a result of the productivity of the southern polar sea.

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Antarctic animals - The most abundant and best known animals from the southern continent, penguins, whales seals, albatrosses, other seabirds and a range of invertebrates you may have not heard of such as krill which form the basis of the Antarctic food web.

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in the winter can reach to -94 degrees ferenhit

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Important User Information: Remote access to EBSCO's databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal, non-commercial use. However, remote access to EBSCO's databases from non-subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non-subscribing institution.

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LONDON (Reuters Life!) - Alex Gaffikin was just 22 when she boarded a ship destined for the Halley research station on the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was to be her home for the next two and a half years.

"In the depths of winter waking up was a struggle. With 24 hours of darkness my body clock had gone haywire and I'd usually wake up feeling quite lethargic," she said.

As part of an experiment, she sat in front of a bright light for half an hour every morning which was designed to affect her melatonin levels and make her feel more awake.

Next up, a shower, which Gaffikin soon learned was far from a luxury.

"I'd probably been on the research station a matter of minutes before the plumber Cuz warned me against long 'Hollywood showers'. The usual procedure was tap on, tap off, soap up, rinse off. He was right because later on I'd join a team to dig ice for over half an hour to melt down for water."

Staff at the base all fix their own breakfast. The person on night shift usually makes fresh bread, but when Gaffikin worked nights she made doughnuts, "which made me megapopular," she said.

Gaffikin's official job was as a meteorologist.

"A typical day would start with me putting on my doo suit which is like being swaddled in a duvet and trudging across the snow to the meteorology building. My first task would be the nine o'clock weather observation and I would continue doing them every three hours until three in the afternoon," she said.

Her favorite job was launching the weather balloon. "I'd fill a large balloon full of helium and then release it. Sometimes it was quite a battle against the wind to get it out of the shed. But once it was up I'd track it up into the sky as it measured temperature, wind and pressure."

The average temperature in winter is about minus 35 Celsius, but the coldest day Gaffikin remembers was minus 53 degrees. She said the chef was the most popular person on the base as food is so important in the cold.

Though the station's chef does have to get inventive with rations of dried meat and vegetables, Gaffikin said it is weird eating lunch while it's pitch black outside.

Boredom is kept at bay with a range of extra-curricular activities.

"Monday evenings we listened to audio books in the library, Tuesdays I taught Spanish, Wednesdays was video nights. In the depths of winter there's not a lot to do so we all got inventive.

"I used to spend my evenings knitting presents or making cards. My favorite fancy-dress party was the beach party. Matt came in his waterproofs because, as he bemoaned, it would always rain when he went to the seaside," she said.

Often, scientists and explorers at the research base went to sleep exhausted, but Gaffikin said there are certain things worth getting up for.

"Sometimes the person on the night shift would wake us at two in the morning. This was a magical moment. We'd wrap up warm, grab our cameras and head outside to see the aurora. The Southern Lights are amazing but eerie. White, green and orange lights would flicker across the sky. And with no light pollution the Milky Way was stretched out in a white band."

When Gaffikin came back from Antarctica she realized that the thing she loved most was telling other people about the continent. Her dream is to open an Antarctica Museum.

"I love Antarctica because it is such an alien and magical place. You can see things in Antarctica that you can't see anywhere else like emperor penguin colonies, enormous glaciers and gigantic sea creatures," she said.

Currently working on Ice Station Antarctica - a new exhibition at London's Natural History Museum - she is concerned about the future of her second home.

"I am worried that Antarctica will be harmed by the effects of climate change and over-fishing. I hope that visitors will grow to love Antarctica as much as I do. I hope they will be inspired to help minimize human impact so that Antarctica isn't lost forever," she said.

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A day in the life of an Antarctic scientist

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(Reuters Life!) - Alex Gaffikin was just 22 when she boarded a ship destined for the Halley research station on the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was to be her home for the next two and a half years.

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more along the coast

gets to -22 ferenhit

elevation 2,200 meters

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Leave for around 2.5-3 years

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Anders, M. "Backpack Basics" Boy's Life, 18-21

Mark Anders gives all the basic information about what we need to know about backpacks.

Anders gives us all the features best for your trip, and all the differences between all the different designs.

Mark's article helped me find for my backpack that I need an internal frame pack, because it is more form fitting and will let less air flow through which is good for scientists who are in Antarctica. Easy accessible pockets, keeping the load light, and keeping it comfortable for my backpack to be sold and for me to make money off of it.

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The Termo-Pack 2.0 was developed specifically for Antarctic scientists. In this fridged weather t he Thermo-Pack 2.0 was designed to solve the problem of storage for supplies and scientific equipment. Freezing water forms one of the main problems that Antarctic scientists face, the Thermo-Pack 2.0 can help solve all those problems, with it's heat conducting material helps generate and exert kinetic energy for these conditions. As heat starts conducting in The Thermo-Pack 2.0 and it remains there. Storage for Antarctic scientists is also a big problem, with it's many pockets and easy accessible features We celebrate the development of The Thermo-Pack 2.0 which directly solves the issue of frozen water, and storage.

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Do siting

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Metal Supermarkets - Steel, Aluminum, Stainless, Hot-Rolled, Cold-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Galvanized, Brass, Bronze, Copper

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Thermal conductivity measures the ability of a metal to conduct heat. This property varies across different types of metal and is important to consider in applications where high operating temperatures are common.

In pure metals, thermal conductivity stays roughly the same with increases in temperature. However in alloys the thermal conductivity increases with temperature.

Which metals conduct heat best

As you can see, out of the more common metals, copper and aluminum have the highest thermal conductivity while steel and bronze have the lowest. Heat conductivity is a very important property when deciding which metal to use for a specific application. As copper is an excellent conductor of heat, it's good for heat exchangers, heat sinks, and even saucepan bottoms. Because steel is a poor conductor of heat, it's good for high-temperature environments like airplane engines.

Here are some important applications which require metals that conduct heat well:

Heat Exchangers

A heat exchanger is a common application where good thermal conductivity is important. Heat exchangers do their job by transferring heat to achieve heating or cooling.

Copper is a popular choice for heat exchangers in industrial facilities, air conditioning, refrigeration, hot water tanks and under-floor heating systems. Its high thermal conductivity allows heat to pass through it quickly. Copper has additional properties desirable in heat exchangers including resistance to corrosion, biofouling, stress and thermal expansion.

Aluminum can also be used in some heat exchanger applications as a more cost-effective alternative.

Heat exchangers are commonly used in the following situations:
Industrial facilities
Heat exchangers in industrial facilities include fossil and nuclear power plants, chemical plants, desalination plants and marine services.

In industrial facilities copper-nickel alloy is used to construct the heat exchanger tubing. The alloy has good corrosion resistance which protects against corrosion in saltwater environments. It also has good biofouling resistance to avoid formation of algae and sea mosses. Aluminum-brass alloy has similar properties and can be used as an alternative.
Solar thermal water systems
Solar water heaters are a cost-effective way to heat water in which a copper tube is used to transfer the solar thermal energy to the water. Copper is used because of copper's high thermal conductivity, resistance to air and water corrosion, and mechanical strength.
Gas water heaters
Gas water heat exchangers transfer the heat generated by gas fuels to water. They're common in residential and commercial boilers. For gas water heaters, copper is the preferred material because of its high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication.
Forced air heating and cooling
Heat pumps using air have long been used for residential and commercial heating. They work via air-to-air heat exchange through evaporator units. They can be used in wood furnaces, boilers, and stoves. Again, copper is typically used for its high thermal conductivity.

Heat sinks

Heat sinks are a type of heat exchanger that transfers heat generated by an electronic or mechanical device into a moving coolant fluid. The fluid transfers the heat away from the device, allowing it to cool to the desired temperature. Metals with high thermal conductivity are used.

Computers use heat sinks to cool central processing units or graphics processors. Heat sinks are also used in high power devices like power transistors, lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Heat sinks are designed to maximize the surface area in contact with the coolant fluid.

Aluminum alloys are the most common heat sink material. This is because aluminum costs less than copper. However copper is used where higher levels of thermal conductivity are needed. Some heat sinks use a combination aluminum fins with a copper base.

Cookware

A more household use of metal with good thermal conductivity is in cookware. When you're heating up your food, you don't want to wait all day. That is why copper is used in the bottoms of high-quality cookware because the metal rapidly conducts the heat and spreads it evenly across its surface.

However, if you're on a budget you can use aluminum cookware as an alternative. It may take a little longer to heat up your food, but your wallet will thank you for it!

Metal Supermarkets is the world's largest small-quantity metal supplier with over 75 brick-and-mortar stores across the US, Canada, and United Kingdom. We are metal experts and have been providing quality customer service and products since 1985.

At Metal Supermarkets, we supply a wide range of metals for a variety of applications. Our stock includes: stainless steel, alloy steel, galvanized steel, tool steel, aluminum, brass, bronze and copper.

Our hot rolled and cold rolled steel is available in a wide range of shapes including: bars, tubes, sheets and plates. We can cut metal to your exact specifications.

Visit one of our 70+ locations in North America today.

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Which Metals Conduct Heat Best? | Metal Supermarkets - Steel, Aluminum, Stainless, Hot-Rolled, Cold-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Galvanized, Brass, Bronze, Copper

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Thermal conductivity measures the ability of a metal to conduct heat. This property varies across different types of metal and is important to consider in applications where high operating temperatures are common. In pure metals, thermal conductivity stays roughly the same with increases in temperature. However in alloys the thermal conductivity increases with temperature.

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glimmer, merge

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arid - Very dry. An area with little rain or precipitation of any kind (snow, hail, sleet etc.) usually less than 25 centimetres (10 inches) of annual rainfall, Antarctica is largely classed as arid. arthropod - A group of invertebrates with hard exoskeletons and jointed limbs such as insects, spiders, and crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, lobsters).