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Stood for states rights, supported slavery represented well in the south.

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A severe economic depression which occurred due to a stock market crash which was based mostly off of credit. Many were stuck without jobs or a stable source of income, losing many possessions.

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Witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies. Known for its poor politicians and the nations mass accumulation of wealth. After the Gilded Age, America entered the world as a global power. Capitalism was the American Economic system during the Golden Age

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ex. john d. rockefeller owned 90% of the oil refinery business by 1881. bought out competition (vertical integration). excessive control by few individuals led to sherman anti-trust act, unions...

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Jackson served as the 7th president from 1829-1837. He gained fame as a hero in the War of 1812, and sought to expand the rights of (Richard Taylor)the under represented "common man" through the ideas of Jacksonian Democracy. His presidency was shaped by his actions in the Indian Removal Act, The Nullification Crisis, and his liberal use of the veto power

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108. Pacific Rim, Asia, and atin American Markets

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108. Pacific Rim, Asia, and atin American Markets

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the expansion of industry propelled trade to foreign markets. in the newly acquired territories from the Spanish -American war, tariffs were not present, facilitating trade in these regions

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The Whigs was a political party founded by Henry Clay. They were concerned about the extension of slavery and slave power that would come with westward expansion.

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Mainly a conservative value that believes that the government should not be involved in the activities of the world market. Without government involvement, markets became ruled by large monopolies or trusts. The Sherman antitrust act created a preventive way for history to not repeat itself.

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Because the French established northern colonies, they had to establish trade networks with the local natives usually involving furs to profit from their colonies' establishment.

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King Cotton was once the heralded "ruler" of the South, but following the Civil War this King shouldered the blame for the South's losses. Many southern leaders believed that their reliance on one crop had made them vulnerable to the Union's advances, and they pledged to diversify what they called the "New South"- idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South.

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The party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy. It's economy ideas are built on modern capitalist values, and industrial growth.

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The Cold War was the geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between two world superpowers, the USA and the USSR, that started in 1947 at the end of the Second World War and lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991.

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is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. They concentrated on exposing the evils of corporate greed, combating fear of immigrants, and urging Americans to think hard about what democracy meant.

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The process of assimilating immigrants into American culture; thought to strengthen American power as dominant culture

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Leader of the Whig party and five times an unsuccessful presidential candidate, 1777-1852 played a central role on the stage of national politics for over forty years. He was secretary of state under John Quincy Adams, Speaker of the House of Representatives in the nineteenth century, and influential member of the Senate

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fought between 1756 and 1763 Called the French and Indian War in the Americas, a war between GREAT BRITIAN, Prussia, and Portugal against FRANCE, Austria, Spain, and Russia

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Occurred predominantly in the SW United States and South America. Spanish expansion differed significantly from English expansion in that it called for conversion of the native population to Catholicism and exploitation of the native population for labor. The mistreatment of natives by Spain was exploited by the English in the essay "The Black Legend" which was used to justify English colonization of the Americas.

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The "west" in this time period referred to the unsettled area to the west of the Mississippi river, and the idea of "west" pushed further as more and more (Richard Taylor)land become settled by Americans. The West eventually came to reach the pacific and represented an opportunity for a new economic life for many families.

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The Market Revolution was the expansion of markets during the early 19th century. This was marked by an increase in exchange of goods and services. The Market Revolution resulted from increased output of farms and factories, activity of traders and merchants, and development of transportation and infrastructure.

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Many reform movements ocurred, most notably the women's rights movement and the temperance movement. Also a movement toward industrial expansion saw a new meaning to capitalism in the rise of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.

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The soviet union during the post 50’s saw america as a rising power and in tern began building their nation as a world power through nuclear weapons and military power. This was the beginning and the spark of the cold war, and this resulted in america responding the same way to the soviet union did.

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During this time, the middle class became widely expanded. This is because of the growth of industrial companies and the demand for cheap labor, which came from the middle class.

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an intellectual movement started in 18th century Europe and emphasized individualism and and thought through reason and questioning, it influenced colonization by increasing colonist free thought and want to separate from Britain becoming their own people.

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The U.S. believed in the divine or ordained right and responsibility to develop the western frontier and to spread American ideals of democracy to the uncivilized or undeveloped regions of the continent and the world.

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Fostered the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular reforms, including abolition and women's rights. The Second Great Awakening brought liberal social ideas from abroad, and the Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility fostered the rise of voluntary organizations.

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communists thought everything should be publicly owned and split among the people to increase sameness and equality. advocated for by USSR and against by USA

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The Revolutionary War lasted from 1775, with the battles of Lexington and Concord, to 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The fight for Colonial independence from the British had surged in the 1760s and 1770s the the passage of many acts (Richard Taylor)that angered colonists and ultimately led to the war. Military success finally led to the Treaty of Paris, in which the British recognized the U.S. as a sovereign nation, and independence was won.

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Vietnam was a battleground between communism and democracy, with north Vietnam being backed by communist Russia and the south was backed by your truly merica. It resulted in america pulling their their troops after finding out that the war was far more resource intensive than initially thought. Similarly Korea we backed the south who was being invaded by north Korea who was trying to impose their communist regime. This marked the usa as a anti world communist fighter bound to protect democracy

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Patriot who played a major role in the American Revolution by helping draft the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, as well as negotiating French support for the colonial forces.

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Patriotism was shown as 10s of millions of Americans bought liberty bonds to support the war. This movement was driven by the idea that their personal liberties were being infringed upon by the British.

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The war started over the annexation of Texas and was over where the Mexican border should be.

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The Second Great Awakening occurred between 1790 and 1850 and saw a revival in Protestantism as well as an increase in membership in Baptist and Methodist congregations, particularly in the South.

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The Great Basin (or desert) groups lived in desert regions and lived on nuts, seeds, roots, cactus, insects and small game animals and birds. These tribes were influenced by Plains tribes, and by 1800 some had adopted the Great Plains culture. The climate, land and natural resources that were available to the Indian tribes resulted in the adoption of the Great Basin Indians culture.

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Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals: the Soviet Union and China; begun by President Nixon, who visited both China and the USSR.

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Women were fighting for equal rights and opportunities. They gained the right to vote in 1920, and joined the work force during WWII.

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In Eastern Woodlands; was an agricultural society; grew "3 sisters" crops (squash, beans, and corn); were mound builders

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The East Coast (Coastal Plains) of America following the Atlantic Ocean with people who saw the Atlantic Ocean as a rich food source.

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Discovered by Columbus in 1492, included all of North, Central, and South America. Columbus hoped to find a trade route to Asia, ended up finding land that would provide a pivotal role in the Columbian Exchange. Would also unfortunately lead to enslavement of Africans and the deaths of millions of natives.

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-1754-63 French and Indian War, imperial struggle between France and Great Britain when France ventured into the Ohio River
-Proclamation Line of 1763 Great Britain gained a vast amount of land in the war but conflicts arose due to leadership not being able to balance colonies vs native interest
-1764-65 Stamp Act/Sugar Act increased British taxes brought into question if British had the power to tax the colonist
-Townshend Act of 1767
-Boston Massacre 1770
-Boston Tea Party 1773, rebellion of the colonist against the tea act
-Coercive Act 1774
-Revolutionary War 1775

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The American "regulars" that formed to be the main fighting force in the American Revolution. It was created by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 shortly after the war began at Lexington and Concord, and was led by George Washington.

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1st president of the United States and army general during the American Revolution

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Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

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adopted by Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. severed the 13 American colonies political ties to GB. summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.

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This encouraged the education of women to serve the purpose of serving their children. Although this was not connected to political independence, it represented greater independence for American women.

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48. Independent Movement (France, Haiti, Latin America)

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48. Independent Movement (France, Haiti, Latin America)

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Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery and won independence. The French colony of Haiti was the first Latin American colony to revolt against European rules.

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The new colonists tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity during this time.

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16. Enslaved/ Free Africans (Atlantic Slave Trade)

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16. Enslaved/ Free Africans (Atlantic Slave Trade)

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To support all the cash crops being grown in the Southern colonies, a new force of labor was needed. Africans were enslaved and taken to America under horrible conditions to be the main labor force on plantations.

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The French and Dutch first settled in Quebec in 1608 and focused more on trade and the finding of Gold, silver, and furs. French and Dutch colonizers created friendly relationships with Native Americans, relying on them to hunt animals, to further their own profits.

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One of the main driving factors for colonization: convert the natives, expand the religion. Catholicism and Protestantism believed they were superior to the Natives, and that they were divinely directed by God to convert the Natives.

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The first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified on March 1, 1781. Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws.

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The exchange of goods, technology, ideas, and people between the New World and the Old World. This exchange brought white settlers and European crops to the New World as well as diseases that decimated the native population and allowed for colonial expansion.

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The dominant social system in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. The system was extremely hierarchical with the largest and lowest class consisting of peasants who along with knights served the nobles and lords. Although the feudal system did not extend into the 16th century, the hierarchical society it created persisted for centuries and was a driving factor behind American colonialism due to unfavorable social conditions in Europe.

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Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.

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-1607 members of the Joint-Stock Company (Virginia Company) founded Jamestown
-hoped to gain riches from Jamestown the same as the Spanish did in Mexico
-realized the only way for Jamestown to survive due to the large amount of deaths was to abandon the search for gold and to grow their own food
-Treated the Natives kindly but wanted to convert them to Christianity

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The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas.

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11. Native Americans (American Indians) - Callie

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11. Native Americans (American Indians) - Callie

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Thanksgiving

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The new colonists were taking the American Indians land and causing wars.

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The history of English Immigration to America began in the 1600's when England established colonies on the east coast of North America. They often came over as eindentured servitudes or for e

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named after the Chesapeake Bay, consisted of Virginia and Maryland. the majority of pop were young, Caucasian males who came over as indentured servants. grew tobacco primarily, also indigo and rice

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the carolinas were the south. they had lots of slavery and were for states rights. also the carolinas had plantations and were focused on  making money with cash crops. also they were for states rights

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raiding expeditions, kidnapping, and slave trading on the West African coast began during the 15th C with Portugal, the first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501.

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The Americas were used during colonization as slaves mainly by the Portuguese and Spanish colonists after they realized that many Native Americans were quickly dying off because of disease. In Africa, some groups would even capture each other and sell them to the colonists in order to avoid they themselves being sold as slaves. Because of this "trade", African groups gained European technology.

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Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire. Colonies lived longer than England and other colonies, emphasized family, women gave up property rights once married, less racial diversity. Shipbuilding, fishing, and trade.

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Came over from Great Britain for religious freedom. Were the first to colonize North America. Puritans established a lot of the systems that were used in tlater years.

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New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Vermont:
settled for religious freedom reasons and economic gain, had staple crops like wheat and corn, family farms, Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland, limited diversity and tolerance

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Consisted of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas and Georgia. The colonies produced rice, indigo and tobacco. The colonies were part of the agricultural south and had a slave based society and a plantation economy.

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The British West Indies consisted of an assortment of islands off the coast of the New World. They mainly relied on long growing seasons to develop an economic plantation (mainly on the backs of Africans).

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War between native Americans in the new England area against the English colonists and lasted from 1675 to 1676, resulting in the colonist being temporarily driven out of the area. this resulted in furthering the tensions between English colonists and natives especially` in north eastern areas.

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The Pueblo Revolt was an uprising of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish Colonizers in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 setters out of the province.

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Apache
Rio grande was important, warm/ dry climate
3 sisters farming, hunters, traded crops
Men were political leaders, lived in adobe homes, nomadic
Big settlement spot for English colonizers who saw the agricultural techniques.

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The meeting of delegates from 12 different states (RI did not attend) to revise the Articles of Confederation as it had proved to be an ineffective government to cope with the challenges faced by the new nation. The convention was the site of spirited debate over the size, scope, and structure of the federal government, and its result was the United States Constitution.

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Federalists:
Supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution; included Alexander Hamilton
Antifederalists:
Opposed a strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.
This was a big dispute of these groups during the time of the ratification of the Constitution.

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52. Federalist Papers (Hamilton & Madison)

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52. Federalist Papers (Hamilton & Madison)

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The Federalist Papers consist of eighty-five letters written to newspapers in the late 1780s to urge ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

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Guarantees certain rights, as stated in the amendments, to American citizens in all circumstances. The bill was proposed by Anti-Federalists who feared government intrusion of personal liberties.

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Adams served as a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress between 1774 and 1777, as a diplomat in Europe from 1778 to 1788, and as vice president during the Washington administration. Signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, faced with populist defiance, such as in Fries's Rebellion

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Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

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authored the declaration of independence. one of our founding fathers. louisiana’s purchase from frances ($15mil) led to manifest destiny and huge increase in american land.

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57. Northwest Ordinance and/or territory ⭐️

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57. Northwest Ordinance and/or territory ⭐️

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area in currentday north midwest. laws in place to allow the territories to become states. near great lakes. slavery was outlawed.

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The French Revolution began a series of European wars that forced the United States to declare a state of neutrality. The radical ideas associated with the revolution frightened many Americans, but was still supported by current secretary of state - Thomas Jefferson. In response, during John Adam's presidency, several laws restricting immigration were enacted, including the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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59. George Washington's Farewell Address

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59. George Washington's Farewell Address

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President Washington's farewell address was published on September 9, 1796 where he made suggestions to the people coming into power. He suggested that America should stay away from political parties and stay away from international affairs that do not involve the U.S.

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The First Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals that swept Britain and their American colonies. The movement had an impact on Protestantism as they strove to revive individual religious devotion.

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people with fundamental opinions began to build their own perfect communities or societies that they believed possessed highly suitable or perfect qualities, began around the 1840s.

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south wanted to expand to increase slavery

north wanted to increase infrastructure

midwest became more populated and natives got pushed farther away

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The age of reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across Europe. In the late 17th century, scientists like Isaac Newton and writers like John Locke were challenging the old order, People were beginning to doubt the existence of a God who could predestine human beings to eternal damnation and empower a tyrant for a king.

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Slavery was prominent in America due to the idea of free labor and the profit that could be made off of it. Slavery was finally abolished in 1865

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69. Enslaved Blacks/ Free African Americans

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69. Enslaved Blacks/ Free African Americans

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Some African Americans escaped slavery through flight or a grant of freedom by their owners and, if they lived in the North, through gradual emancipation laws that, by 1840, had virtually ended bound labor. The proportion of free blacks rose from 8 percent of the African American population in 1790 to about 13 percent between 1820 and 1840, and then (because of high birthrates among enslaved blacks) fell to 11 percent. Still, the number of free blacks continued to grow. In the slave state of Maryland in 1860, half of all African Americans were free, and many more were "term" slaves, guaranteed their freedom in exchange for a few more years of work.

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156. Nationalist Movements (Asia, Africa, Mid East)

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156. Nationalist Movements (Asia, Africa, Mid East)

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Postwar decolonization and powerful nations like Asia and Africa led to the Cold War to seek allies in different nations

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Transcontinental railroads were the result of the upsurge of major steel corporations such as Carnegie steel, this resulted in major monopolies being formed around the steel industry and other industries that ruled over american economics. This inevitably led to the divide between the blue collar workers and the business elite of the country leading to labor unions and work condition reforms.

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The American Civil War is also known as “The War Between the States”. The war, and the issue of slavery, divided the country between the North (the United States of America) and the South (the Confederate States of America). After Abraham Lincoln was elected as President of the United States, the Southern states worried that he would end slavery. Therefore, they decided that they had the right to secede and start their own country while the Northern states focused on reuniting the country. However, slavery became the moral reason to win the war for the North.

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The colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture.  Anglicization grew because of self-governing political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, Protestant evangelism, religious toleration, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

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Following the California Gold Rush of 1849, the western states saw a great rise in Chinese immigration. These migrants were searching for economic opportunity as laborers in the mines or constructing the Transcontinental Railroad, and faced racially discrimination at all levels of society

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For over half a century, the Middle East was a recurring theater of the Cold War. The region's rich petroleum reserves, central geography to the Afro-Eurasian landmass, and political instability made it a prime target for US-Soviet battles for influence and led to unfortunate consequences.

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Preservationist and conservationists are advocates for the protection of natural resources and landscapes. They implemented victory gardens, gas and food rationing, scrap drives and salvage collections to help conserve resources for the war effort.

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Culture that surrounded communication due to press in the new world. It encouraged communication between the old and the new world.

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The two biggest groups of immigrants in the US were Irish and German. The Irish came due to their potato famine and the Germans came to escape the control of the government in Europe. They settled mainly in the Middle Wist.

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While pivoting between anti-foreign and anti-catholic appeals, nativism became both practical and ideological in nature: platforms for the movement ranged from extending the length naturalization to protecting the sacredness of the Protestant Republic

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89. Mexican Americans/ American Indians Callie

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89. Mexican Americans/ American Indians Callie

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Mexican Americans primarily lived in Texas, and the American Indians were put onto reservations and lived out in Oregon

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The Free Soil movement showed that anti slavery sentiment had spread to new territories and supported the idea of popular sovereignty.

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In the later 1850's, many abolitionists focused on slavery prompted by things such as the Dredd Scott decision, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Raid on Harper's Ferry. While the main focus was on slavery, there were many child labor abolitionists, women abolitionists, and more.

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-1848 Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.