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During the stomach cancer surgery, the doctor had removed the cancer cells by removing half of her stomach. Weight loss is normal within the first 6 weeks of surgery. Weight loss can happen because the remaining stomach can't digest food and absorb fats and nutrients as well as they did before surgery. Her eating pattern would regain   after 3 to 6 months of surgery.

She should:
~ eat small,frequent dry meals. ~ avoid eating meals high in added sugar such as sugary cereals and eat meals high in protein, such as fish, meat,egg or tofu.
~eat starchy carbohydrates such as pasts, rice, bread and potatoes.
~have drinks 30 to 60minute/ 1h after food/meal.
~eat slowly

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Stomach cancer occurs due to:
-Poor diet / obesity
-long inflammation of the stomach

-lack of physical activity

Your mother’s meal should consist of fresh fruits and vegetables. Other symptoms include discomfort or pain in the stomach area, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, vomiting blood or having blood in the stool and feeling bloated or full after a small meal. If your mother has more than 2 of the symptoms, consult a doctor immediately.

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Stomach cancer occurs when the cells become abnormal and multiply .
Things that seem to play a role in raising the risk include:
-smoking
-being overweight or obese
- a diet high in smoked ,pickled or salty food
- stomach surgery for an ulcer
-type-A blood
- Epstein-Barr virus infection
- certain genes
- working in coal, timber, metal or rubber industries
- exposure in asbestos
Early on , stomach cancer may cause:
- indigestion
- feeling bloated after eating a meal
- heartburn
-  slightly nausea
- loss of appetite
Just having heart burn or indigestion does not mean you have stomach cancer.But when you have these symptoms a lot ,talk to your doctor.He can see if you have other risk factors and test you to look for any problems.
As stomach tumors grow,you may have more serious  symptoms like:
- stomach pain
- vomiting
-heart burn
-blood in your stool
-weight lost for no reason
-trouble swallowing
-yellowish eyes or skin
-swelling in the stomach
-constipation or diarrhea
-weakness or feeling tired
Most people feel weak and lack strength after some time after surgery as it is a major operation .Tell your doctor if the weakness continues after a few weeks.
Most people have some problems eating after surgery. This can cause weight loss. Many people do not regain their weight easily.It is important to eat small amounts of food regularly.
When swallowing is difficult, you would need to eat soft foods.Make sure you eat slowly and avoid eating late in the day. Have plenty to drink during and after meals to soften and prevent blockage.Eating smaller amounts is easier than having larger amounts. You will find that you can eat most of your favourite foods with a few changes.
A soft diet can help you eat more comfortably. Try:
- scrambled egg,
- soups
- well cooked pasta.
-  using sauces and gravies to moisten food and make it easier to swallow
-soften meat and vegetables with long, slow cooking
-finely chop meat and vegetables in a food  processor before or after cooking
- blend or process meat or vegetable casseroles or curries to make soups
-make fruit smoothies in a blender
- try tinned fruit and add custard or  have ice cream, yoghurts and mousse
Avoid foods that are hard to swallow and might stick in your throat, like
- raw fruit and vegetables
- tough meat
-soft, doughy bread
You can help to maintain your weight by boosting calories in everyday foods. You can:
-  have porridge for breakfast
– add syrup or sugar and cream
-make instant soups or gravies with milk instead of water
- mix mashed potato with an egg or grated cheese or cream
- make instant coffee with all milk
- drink liquid food supplements such as Ensure plus and Fresubin and sip them throughout the day
- make ice lollies out of smoothies or liquid food supplements

Increase the amount of protein you have by
- adding a couple of teaspoons of dried milk powder to each pint of milk to use like ordinary milk for drinking and cooking
-adding protein powders and high energy powders to everyday foods

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( What is Crohn’s disease .)Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease.It causes inflammation of your digestive tract ,which can lead to abdominal pain,severe diarrhoea,fatigue ,weight loss and malnutrition .Inflamation caused by Crohn ‘s disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people. The inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease can be both painful and debilitating , and sometimes may meet to life threatening complications. (Is there any cure?)While there is no cure known for Crohn’s disease ,therapies can greatly
reduce it’s signs and symptoms and even bring long term remission With treatment,many people with Crohn’s disease are able to function well.

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esophagus that normally defends against reflux. Do sleep on your left side. This is the position that has been found to best 

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1. The colon is part of the large intestine, the final part of the digestive system. Its function is to reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination. The large intestine stores waste, reclaims water, maintains water balance, absorbs certain vitamins (like vitamin K) and provides for flora-aided (mostly bacterial) fermentation. Colorectal cancer , also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). A cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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The doctor may use nutrition therapy short term and combine it with medications, such as immune system suppressors. Enteral and parenteral nutrition are typically used to get people healthier prior to surgery or when other medications fail to control symptoms.

The doctor may also recommend a low residue or low-fiber diet to reduce the risk of intestinal blockage if the patient has a narrowed bowel (stricture). A low residue diet is designed to reduce the size and number of his stools.

If diet and lifestyle changes, drug therapy, or other treatments don't relieve the signs and symptoms, the doctor may recommend surgery. Nearly half of those with Crohn's disease will require at least one surgery. However, surgery does not cure Crohn's disease.

During surgery, the surgeon removes a damaged portion of your digestive tract and then reconnects the healthy sections. Surgery may also be used to close fistulas and drain abscesses.

The benefits of surgery for Crohn's disease are usually temporary. The disease often recurs, frequently near the reconnected tissue. The best approach is to follow surgery 

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The doctor may use nutrition therapy short term and combine it with medications, such as immune system suppressors. Enteral and parenteral nutrition are typically used to get people healthier prior to surgery or when other medications fail to control symptoms.

The doctor may also recommend a low residue or low-fiber diet to reduce the risk of intestinal blockage if the patient has a narrowed bowel (stricture). A low residue diet is designed to reduce the size and number of his stools.

If diet and lifestyle changes, drug therapy, or other treatments don't relieve the signs and symptoms, the doctor may recommend surgery. Nearly half of those with Crohn's disease will require at least one surgery. However, surgery does not cure Crohn's disease.

During surgery, the surgeon removes a damaged portion of your digestive tract and then reconnects the healthy sections. Surgery may also be used to close fistulas and drain abscesses.

The benefits of surgery for Crohn's disease are usually temporary. The disease often recurs, frequently near the reconnected tissue. The best approach is to follow surgery 

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Case A-GERD
1)The stomach churns, mixing the food in the stomach with the digestive juices in the stomach.
The gullet connects the mouth and stomach, allowing the food in the mouth to enter the stomach.

2)The muscle at the end of the esophagus is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES is a one-way valve that normally opens for limited amounts of time when you swallow. Acid reflux occurs when the LES doesn’t close properly or tightly enough. A faulty or weakened LES allows digestive juices and stomach contents to rise back up into the esophagus.Large meals that cause the stomach to stretch a lot can temporarily loosen the LES. Other factors associated with reflux include:

obesity

stress

hiatal hernia (when part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm)

If you notice that your reflux only occurs with certain foods, try eliminating them from your diet. Some people also find that sitting up straight during and after eating improves their symptoms.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by GERD. Doctors believe that some people suffer from GERD due to a condition called hiatal hernia. In most cases, GERD can be relieved through diet and lifestyle changes; however, some people may require medication or surgery.

What is gastroesophageal reflux
Gastroesophageal refers to the stomach and esophagus. Reflux means to flow back or return. Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus.

Types of food you should not eat when you have GERD

Tomatoes and citrus fruits/juices

Foods high in fat

Garlic, onion and spicy foods

Coffee

Mint and chocolate

Carbonated drinks

peppers

Is GERD curable?

This is unfortunate because GERD is generally a treatable disease, though serious complications can result if it is not treated properly. GERD is a chronic disease. Treatment usually must be maintained on a long-term basis, even after symptoms have been brought under control.

Common signs and symptoms of GERD include:

A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night

Chest pain

Difficulty swallowing

Regurgitation of food or sour liquid

Sensation of a lump in your throat

Make an appointment with your doctor if you:

Experience severe or frequent GERD symptoms

Take over-the-counter medications for heartburn more than twice a week

What Is the Treatment for GERD?

Doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes for most people needing treatment for GERD. Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials.

More information about heartburn
Heartburn is a painful burning feeling in your chest or throat. It happens when stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. If you have heartburn more than twice a week, you may have GERD. However, you can have GERD without having heartburn.

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Case A-GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD).
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or (GERD), is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by GERD.

Food you should avoid when you have(GERD)are

High-fat foods. Fried and fatty foods can cause the LES to relax, allowing more stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. ...

Tomatoes and citrus fruit. Fruits and vegetables are important in a healthy diet. ...

Chocolate

Garlic, onions, and spicy foods

Caffeine

Mint

What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Stomach abnormalities. One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia, which can occur in people of any age. A hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach and LES (lower esophageal sphincter) move above the diaphragm.

What are the warning signs of esophageal cancer?

Difficulty and pain with swallowing, particularly when eating meat, bread, or raw vegetables. ...

Pressure or burning in the chest.

Indigestion or heartburn.

Vomiting.

Frequent choking on food.

Unexplained weight loss.

Coughing or hoarseness.

Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat.

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Case A - GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD).This disease is known as a digestive disorder. Gastroesophageal refers to the stomach and esophagus. Reflux means to flow back or return. Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus.

GERD Causes

Abnormality of the lower esophageal sphincter: The lower esophageal sphincter, which acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach, becomes weak or stays open longer than normal, causing stomach acid to rise up into the esophagus. This abnormality is generally caused by the use of alcohol, tobacco, and some asthma medications.

Abnormality of the esophagus: This type of abnormality slows the movement of food into the stomach or causes the stomach contents to flow back and remain in the esophagus longer than normal

Abnormality of the stomach: This causes the stomach to empty more slowly and increases reflux symptoms. Fatty foods and chocolate reduce the stomach contractions.

Diabetes: While the reasons for this are not known, it was reported in 2008 that GERD is found in approximately 40% of people with diabetes, especially those with complications of diabetes such as neuropathy,

Diagnosis

A doctor will diagnose GERD and recommend a course of treatment when the above symptoms are observed. If the symptoms do not improve after following the doctor’s advice or receiving basic treatment, the following tests may be used to provide a more detailed diagnosis:

Endoscopy

Barium x-ray

Nuclear medicine study

Esophageal motility test

Ambulatory pH test in the esophagus, which produces quick results

Lifestyle Changes

For most patients, the symptoms are not severe and can be reduced through the following simple lifestyle changes:

Maintain a healthy weight

Avoid tea, coffee, carbonated drinks, fruit juices, sour and spicy food, fatty food, and chocolate

Avoid alcohol and tobacco

Avoid eating a large meal for dinner, do not lie down immediately after a meal, wait at least 4 hours after eating before sleeping

Avoid tight-fitting clothing or belts

Eat smaller meals more often

Sleep with your head raised at least 6 inches above the bed on a firm pillow

Exercise regularly

Avoid stress

GERD Treatment Options

Medications can heal the esophagus and reduce acid production

Surgery may be used in the following cases:

In situations where medications are not helpful and the symptoms persist

In situations where a patient cannot take medications for extended periods or experiences side-effects

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease.It causes inflammation of the digestive tract. It is the small intestine  that was inflamed.The symptoms are: abdominal pain,diarrhea,fatigue,weight loss and malnutrition. The inflammation often spreads deep into the layers of the bowel tissue that was affected.It will be both painful and debilitating. It may also sometimes lead to life-threatening complications.There is no cure for it but therapies can  reduce its signs and symptoms and bring about long-term remission.Treatment can also reduce the symptoms and stop them from coming back.With treatment,many people are able to function well.Some people with Crohn's disease,only the last segment of the small intestine (ileum)is affected.In others,the disease is confined to the colon.Signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease can range from mild to severe. They usually develop gradually, but sometimes will come on suddenly. Some symptoms include: Diarrhea, fever, fatigue, abdominal pain and cramping, blood in your stool, mouth sores, reduced appetite and weight loss.

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Early stage stomach cancer rarely causes symptoms, making early detection very difficult. Stomach cancer may or may not present with vague gastrointestinal symptoms, including indigestion, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea and vomiting, bloating, or the feeling of fullness when eating a meal (also called early satiety). These symptoms can also be associated with other gastrointestinal illnesses, however, and should be discussed with a doctor who can perform tests to determine the cause of the symptoms.

Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer can include:

Indigestion, heartburn or ulcer-type symptoms

Difficulty swallowing

Abdominal pain or vague discomfort in the abdomen, usually above the navel

Nausea and vomiting and/or bloating after meals

Vomiting blood, or blood in the stool

Diarrhea or constipation

Loss of appetite

Unexplained weight loss

Weakness and fatigue

Sense of fullness after eating small amounts of food (also called early satiety)

Symptoms may mimic other conditions, such as GERD, gastritis or peptic ulcer

Signs and symptoms should not be ignored. Most of these symptoms may be caused by things other than stomach cancer. They may also occur with other types of cancer. People who have any of these symptoms, especially if they don’t go away or get worse, should see their doctor to determine the cause and be treated.

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1.The function of the stomach is to break some food down into smaller and simpler substances. 2.GERD is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES),the ring of muscle in between the gullet and stomach. Lots of people,including pregnant woman,suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD) .Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid traveling up towards the throat(acid reflux).GERD occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the gullet.Common symptoms of GERD are: a)Heartburn,usually after eating. b)Difficulty swallowing. c)Feeling of lump in throat. 3.The best way to cure GERD is taking antacids. Some ways to prevent this disease are: a)Do not lie down after eating . b)Do not smoke . c)Do not drink alcohol . d)Eat smaller meals.

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Leon Ng Xin Han,CASE 3***(:CROHN'S disease):

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Leon Ng Xin Han,CASE 3***(:CROHN'S disease):

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people. In this case,it is the small intestine that was inflamed.

The inflammation caused by Crohn's disease often spreads deep into the layers of affected bowel tissue. Crohn's disease can be both painful and debilitating, and sometimes may lead to life-threatening complications.

While there's no known cure for Crohn's disease, therapies can greatly reduce its signs and symptoms and even bring about long-term remission.

Treatment can control or reduce the symptoms and help stop them coming back. With treatment, many people with Crohn's disease are able to function well.

Medicines are the main treatments, but sometimes surgery may be needed.

Anti-inflammatory drugs are often the first step in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Immune system suppressors is another drugs that not only helps to also reduce inflammation, but they target your immune system, which produces the substances that cause inflammation. For some people, a combination of these drugs works better than one drug alone. Antibiotics can reduce the amount of drainage and sometimes heal fistulas and abscesses in people with Crohn's disease. Some researchers also think antibiotics help reduce harmful intestinal bacteria that may play a role in activating the intestinal immune system, leading to inflammation.

Nutrition therapy is another treatment. Doctor may recommend a special diet given via a feeding tube (enteral nutrition) or nutrients injected into a vein (parenteral nutrition) to treat Crohn's disease. This can improve the patient's  overall nutrition and allow the bowel to rest. Bowel rest can reduce inflammation in the short term.

The doctor may use nutrition therapy short term and combine it with medications, such as immune system suppressors. Enteral and parenteral nutrition are typically used to get people healthier prior to surgery or when other medications fail to control symptoms.

The doctor may also recommend a low residue or low-fiber diet to reduce the risk of intestinal blockage if the patient has a narrowed bowel (stricture). A low residue diet is designed to reduce the size and number of his stools.

If diet and lifestyle changes, drug therapy, or other treatments don't relieve the signs and symptoms, the doctor may recommend surgery. Nearly half of those with Crohn's disease will require at least one surgery. However, surgery does not cure Crohn's disease.

During surgery, the surgeon removes a damaged portion of your digestive tract and then reconnects the healthy sections. Surgery may also be used to close fistulas and drain abscesses.

The benefits of surgery for Crohn's disease are usually temporary. The disease often recurs, frequently near the reconnected tissue. The best approach is to follow surgery with medication to minimize the risk of recurrence.

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Case D

1. The colon is part of the large intestine, the final part of the digestive system. Its function is to reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination. The large intestine stores waste, reclaims water, maintains water balance, absorbs certain vitamins (like vitamin K) and provides for flora-aided (mostly bacterial) fermentation. Colorectal cancer , also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). A cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

2. Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss and feeling tired all the time. Most colorectal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors, with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders. Some risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking and lack of physical activity. Dietary factors that increase the risk include red and processed meat as well as alcohol. Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

3. Surgery is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer and is often called surgical resection. Surgery is the removal of the tumour and some surrounding healthy tissue during an operation. In addition to surgical resection, surgical options for colorectal cancer include colostomy for rectal cancer. This is a surgical opening or stoma through which the colon is connected to the abdominal surface to provide a pathway for waste to exit the body. This waste is collected in a pouch worn by the patient. After undergoing a colostomy, the patient may need to make some changes to the foods he/she eats but he/she probably will not need to completely overhaul the way he/she eats.

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Case A
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD ,is  a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by GERD

Stomach abnormalities cause
one common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia, which can occur in people of any age. A hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach and LES (lower esophageal sphincter) move above the diaphragm.

Here are 10 tips you can try to prevent GERD.

1. Lose weight. Obesity is the leading cause of GERD

2. Avoid foods known to cause reflux. If you're at risk for GERD, avoid: ...

3. Eat smaller meals

4. Don't lie down after eating

5. Elevate your bed

6. Review your medications

7. Quit smoking

8. Cut back on alcohol

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Case b (Stomach cancer)
Our stomach is located below the diaphragm in the abdomen.Food arriving there stimulates another type of digestive juice(gastric juice)to be produced.the stomach walls contract to churn the food inside so that it is mixed with gastric juice.
Stomach cancer  is a disease where malignant (cancer) cells arise from the lining of the stomach. Gastric cancers are classified according to cell type: the most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which consists of cells arising from glands in the lining of the stomach.
What causes stomach cancer?
Doctors are uncertain about the exact cause of gastric cancer. Like many other cancers, there are probably multiple factors involved. The marked geographical variation and the effect of migration on gastric cancer risk suggest that environmental and lifestyle factors are important contributors to this disease. Some risk factors have been identified including:
Helicobacter pylori infection. Infection of the stomach with this bacteria may cause chronic inflammation of the stomach lining leading to precancerous changes. H pylori infection is considered a risk factor for gastric cancer.
Diet. A diet high in smoked or salt-preserved foods such as smoked fish/ meat and pickled vegetables has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of developing gastric cancer. Conversely, a diet that is high in fresh fruits and vegetables may decrease this risk.
Obesity. This has been identified as a risk factor for cancer affecting the upper part of the stomach.
Race. Gastric cancer is more common in Asians than Caucasians
.Gender. Gastric cancer is more common in men than women.
Age. Gastric cancer is usually seen in people age > 60.
Previous stomach surgery. Individuals who have had parts of their stomach removed have an increased risk of developing gastric cancer in the remaining stomach.
What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?
These include:Pain or Discomfort in the ‘stomach Region’ or upper abdomen
Bloating discomfort after eating
Passing black stool
Anaemia
Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
Heartburn
What is the treatment?
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Doctors will devise an individualized treatment plan based on information from one or more of the tests described above. Treatment for stomach cancer may involve endoscopic removal, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of these.

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Case B (Stomach Cancer)
1) Stomach is where food is collected after eating to be broken down into smaller pieces with the help of digestive juices. 2) As half the stomach has been removed after surgery, the patient has a smaller stomach now. She therefore feels full more quickly because half a stomach is more quickly filled up.
3) These are what the patient can do to address her concern:

Eat 6 or more smaller meals instead of only eating 3 main meals a day.

Chew her food well to help with digestion.

Eat nutritious, high calorie food that is soft and mushy so that it is easier to digest.

Eat slowly. This way, she will stop eating before she gets too full and feels uncomfortable.

Not drink too much liquid during meals so that she can eat enough solid food without getting too full.

Avoid fizzy drinks as they make you feel full.

Consume less sugar as sugar may cause water to be drawn into the stomach or small intestine. The food will then move very quickly through her small intestine.

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Case A
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophagealsphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between theesophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by GERD. Stomach abnormalities. One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia, which can occur in people of any age. A hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach and LES (lower esophageal sphincter) move above the diaphragm.

Lifestyle changes usually allow the body to heal itself in the majority of cases, and it means there won't be long-term damage to the esophagus, throat, or teeth. However, sometimes lifestyle changes are not enough. More serious cases of GERD can often be treated with medications such as: antacids.  This is unfortunate because GERD is generally a treatable disease, though serious complications can result if it is not treated properly. ... GERD is a chronic disease. Treatment usually must be maintained on a long-term basis, even after symptoms have been brought under control.  Although occasional acid reflux won't kill you, it should still be taken seriously. If left untreated, chronic acid reflux can lead to conditions that increase your risk for developing esophageal cancer, which can in fact kill you.

5 Top Foods to Stave Off Acid Reflux Symptoms

Bananas. This low-acid fruit can help those with acid reflux by coating an irritated esophageal lining and thereby helping to combat discomfort. ...

Melons. Like bananas, melons also are a highly alkaline fruit. ...

Oatmeal. ...

Yogurt. ...

Green Vegetables.

What is the best treatment for acid reflux?

Antacids. Popular over-the-counter medications like Tums, Maalox, Rolaids andMylanta neutralize stomach acid and provide fast-acting relief in mild or isolated cases of acid reflux. Some antacids come in liquid form to coat the lining of the esophagus and help reduce the amount of acid in the stomach

Are bananas good for acid reflux?

Banana. Bananas make a great snack, and at pH 5.6, they're usually great for people with acid reflux. However, about 1% of acid refluxers find that their condition is worsened by bananas.

What fruit is good for acid reflux?

4. Noncitrus fruits. Noncitrus fruits, including melons, bananas, apples, and pears, are less likely to trigger reflux symptoms than acidic fruits.  While it's true that milk can temporarily buffer stomach acid, nutrients in milk, particularly fat, may stimulate the stomach to produce more acid. Even though milkmight not be a great heartburn remedy, however, it's a rich source of bone-building calcium. Try fat-free skim milk and don't overdo it.

What drinks are good for acid reflux?

Herbal tea. Herbal teas help improve digestion and soothe many stomach problems, such as gas and nausea. Try caffeine-free herbal tea for acid reflux but avoid spearmint or peppermint teas. ... Licorice helps increase the mucus coating of the esophageal lining, which helps calm the effects of stomach acid.

Is honey good for heartburn?

Honey may work in several ways to help acid reflux symptoms. An article published by the Indian Journal of Medical Research points out several key benefits: ... Honeymay work to reduce inflammation in the esophagus. Honey's texture allows it to better coat the mucous membrane of the esophagus.

Here are seven natural GERD remedies to help reduce the frequency of symptoms.

1. Baking Soda. A teaspoon of baking soda (a base substance) neutralizes stomach acid so that even if it comes up, you won't feel that burning sensation. ...

2. Chew Gum. ...

3. Don't Lie Down After Eating. ...

4. Eat Fruit. ...

5. Ginger Tea. ...

6. Mustard. ...

7. Chamomile Tea.

. Heartburn and GERD may make you feel like it's difficult to swallow or you may feela tightness in the throat, as if food is stuck in your throat or esophagus. You may have chest pain when lying down, bending over, or after eating.Sometimes the tissue damage from acid reflux can lead to a condition called Barrett's esophagus. ... However, people who have both GERD and Barrett's esophagus are more likely to develop esophageal cancer than people who only have GERD.Foods to Avoid with GERD

Tomatoes and Citrus Fruits/Juices. The high acid content in these foods is commonly known to exacerbate GERD. ...

Foods High in Fat. Cheese, fries, prime rib and ice cream can cause heartburn in many GERD sufferers. ...

Garlic, Onion and Spicy Foods. ...

Coffee. ...

Mint and Chocolate. ...

Alcohol. ...

Carbonated drinks.

Prescription-strength treatments for GERD include:

Prescription-strength H-2-receptor blockers. These include prescription-strength famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine and ranitidine (Zantac). ...

Prescription-strength proton pump inhibitors. ...

Medication to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter.
Is GERD permanent?
Left untreated, however, GERD can cause permanent damage to the esophagus. ... Eventually, it may lead to cancer of the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is mostly found in adults who have had GERD for many years. But you can help avoid it by dealing with your GERD now.  If the symptoms go away the problem is likely have been due to acid reflux. If symptoms do not go away with acid suppressing medications such as Prilosec or other PPI drugs, there are two possible explanations. ... Second, the medications are not adequately shutting off the production of stomach acid.  Try putting your fork down between bites. Avoid snacking at bedtime. Eating close to bedtime can trigger heartburn symptoms. Reduce your nighttime heartburn risk: Eat meals two to three hours before sleep.  Don't sleep on your right side. For some reason, this seems to prompt relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter — the tight ring of muscle connecting the stomach and esophagus that normally defends against reflux. Do sleep on your left side. This is the position that has been found to best reduce acid reflux.
This can eliminate symptoms associated with low stomach acid and help maintain a positive level in your stomach.

1. Limit processed foods. A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can also increase your stomach acid levels. ...

2. Eat fermented vegetables. ...

3. Drink apple cider vinegar. ...

4. Eat ginger.  The tannins present in the green tea increase the stomach acid which may cause stomach ache, nauseous feeling, or cause constipation. ... It is best to drink green tea after a meal or in-between meals. People with peptic ulcers or acid refluxshould not consume green tea excessively.  Peanut butter generally isn't considered to trigger acid reflux, but it may affect some people differently. Although peanut butter has several health benefits, it's also a high-fat food. These foods can increase acid reflux symptoms. 💖💖💖💖💖💖
Is acid reflux dangerous?
Barrett's esophagus. If left untreated for many years, constant acid reflux can cause precancerous changes in cells, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. ... A small fraction of people with Barrett's esophagus develop esophageal cancer, which is often deadly.
Food and drinks that commonly trigger heartburn include:

alcohol, particularly red wine.

black pepper, garlic, raw onions, and other spicy foods.

chocolate.

citrus fruits and products, such as lemons, oranges and orange juice.

coffee and caffeinated drinks, including tea and soda.

peppermint.

tomatoes The uncomfortable symptoms of heartburn can last for two hours or longer, depending on the cause. Mild heartburn that occurs after eating spicy or acidic food typically lasts until the food has been digested.  Although apples are generally safe to eat, certain types of apples may trigger symptoms in people with acid reflux. Red apples generally don't cause an increase in symptoms. Green apples are more acidic, which can have a negative impact for some.
Is Ginger good for GERD?
Ginger can also reduce inflammation. ... These anti-inflammatory properties are of special interest to researchers, particularly when it comes to acid reflux. This is because inflammation in the esophagus is a key characteristic of the condition.Ginger may also reduce nausea, prevent muscle pain, and ease swelling.  High-fat dairy products. All high-fat foods cause reflux. There is no reason to believe that one high-fat butter or cheese is better than another in this regard. If you havereflux and a serious cheese habit, something has to give.
We'll go over some quick tips to get rid of heartburn, including:

1. wear loose clothing.

2. stand up straight.

3. elevate your upper body.

4. mix baking soda with water.

5. try ginger.

6. take licorice supplements.

7. sip apple cider vinegar.

8. chew gum to help dilute acid.

Here are 10 tips you can try to prevent GERD.

1. Lose weight. Obesity is the leading cause of GERD, Dr. Vaezi says. ...

2. Avoid foods known to cause reflux. If you're at risk for GERD, avoid: ...

3. Eat smaller meals. ...

4. Don't lie down after eating. ...

5. Elevate your bed. ...

6. Review your medications. ...

7. Quit smoking. ...

8. Cut back on alcohol.  Greek Yogurt. Greek yogurt, or kefir, which have strains of healthy gut promoting bacteria and probiotic properties, have been shown to help prevent acid reflux, as advised by Jordan Rubin, author of The Great Physician's Rx for Heartburn andAcid Reflux, in interview with Livestrong. New technology cures GERD without surgery. Over 15 million Americans suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. While many patients manage their condition by watching what they eat and popping over-the-counter medications, a new technology can help relieve the burn for good.

Common signs and symptoms of GERD include:

A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night.

Chest pain.

Difficulty swallowing.

Regurgitation of food or sour liquid.

Sensation of a lump in your throat.
Common signs and symptoms of GERD include:

A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night.

Chest pain.

Difficulty swallowing.

Regurgitation of food or sour liquid.

Sensation of a lump in your throat. For most Americans, heartburn is just an occasional problem. Sixty million people get it at least once a month.

But for the 19 million people who have a chronic form of heartburn known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), untreated symptoms can lead to a variety of health complications.

If you experience frequent or extended heartburn (twice a week on a regular basis), see your doctor. Here are nine reasons why you shouldn’t ignore signs of GERD.

For most Americans, heartburn is just an occasional problem. Sixty million people get it at least once a month.

But for the 19 million people who have a chronic form of heartburn known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), untreated symptoms can lead to a variety of health complications.

Esophageal stricture

If esophagitis goes on too long, scar tissue can narrow the esophagus. Called a stricture, this can make it hard or painful to swallow.

Large pieces of food can get stuck and may require endoscopy to remove them. You may also be at risk of choking, and you can lose too much weight if you avoid food and drinks because of a stricture.

A stricture is treated with a dilation, or stretching, of the esophagus. This may need repeating, but acid-blocking meds such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may prevent it from returning.

p.s.   i used google

# data[].attributes.body
Case A                                            Gastroesophageal  Reflux   Disease(GERD).It is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion caused by  GERD.                                  Common signs and symptoms of GERD include:

A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night

Chest pain

Difficulty swallowing

Regurgitation of food or sour liquid

Sensation of a lump in your throat

GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux.

When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of your esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow into your stomach. Then the sphincter closes again.

If the sphincter relaxes abnormally or weakens, stomach acid can flow back up into your esophagus. This constant backwash of acid irritates the lining of your esophagus, often causing it to become inflamed.
Conditions that can increase  risk of GERD include:

Obesity.

Bulging of the top of the stomach up into the diaphragm (hiatal hernia)

Pregnancy.

Connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma.

Delayed stomach emptying       .                                                 Is GERD serious?

In very serious cases, untreated GERD (and subsequent Barrett's esophagus) can lead to cancer of the esophagus. ... The main risk factors are smoking, drinking alcohol, poor diet, and chronic reflux disease. Symptoms include weight loss, trouble swallowing, or gastrointestinal bleeding.                                                                                      Gerd diet!

A diet rich in whole grains and fruits and vegetables can help manage GERD symptoms. If  experiencing heartburn or other symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chances are good that diet is one of the first things the doctor will ask about.                                                                                                            Avoid these food when having                       Gerd

items that people with GERD are often advised to avoid include:

Alcohol

Caffeine

Carbonated beverages

Chocolate

Citrus fruits and juices

Tomatoes and tomato-based foods

Garlic

Mint

Onions

Spicy foods

Fatty foods

Fried foods

# data[].attributes.body
1. Gastroesophageal  reflux disease happens in the stomach.The stomach helps store and break down food into simpler substances.It breaks down food into simpler substances by mixing it with a substance called digestive juice.

2.The cause of GERD is acid in the stomach flow back to the esophagus.

3.Patients with GERD are advised to break their meals into a smaller portion.They should avoid high acidity food.Less oil less salt.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease happens in the stomach.The stomach breaks down the food into simpler substances                                                                                       2.heartburn — a burning feeling in the chest behind the sternum — from the exposure of stomach acid in my esophagus.  Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it’s called Acid Reflux Disease.

experience sleep disruptions and have dietary restrictions. Almost half of them have night-time symptoms, which affect their day activities.

In more severe cases, continued oesophageal damage can lead to scarring, which may cause the oesophagus to narrow, making it difficult to swallow. In some cases, normal cells in the lining of the esophagus may be replaced by a different type of cell. This is called Barrett's esophagus, which can sometimes develop into cancer.

What Is Heartburn?

Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). It can occur when acid or other contents from your stomach"back up" into the esophagus. That’s the tube food passes through going from your mouth to your stomach.

The problem stems from a muscle that may be weak or may relax at inappropriate times. It’s called the lower esophageal sphincter or LES, and it’s located between your stomach and your esophagus. If it doesn't close quickly enough, it can’t prevent the acid backwash. That results in heartburn.

Heartburn
- Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that moves up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. This pain can also move into your throat.

Regurgitation
- A sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth.

Dyspepsia
- Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of food being stuck in your throat.

Other symptoms:
Chronic hiccups, Nausea, Weight Loss, Wheezing (dry cough), Chronic Sore Throat or Bloating.

3.

1. wearing loose clothing

2. standing up straight

3. elevating your upper body

4. mixing baking soda with water

5. trying ginger

6. taking licorice supplements

7. sipping apple cider vinegar

8. chewing gum to help dilute acid

9. staying away from cigarette smoke

10. trying over-the-counter medications

Loosen clothing

Heartburn happens when the contents of your stomach rise up into your esophagus, where stomach acids can burn the tissue.

In some cases, you might be having an episode of heartburn because tight clothing is compressing your stomach.

If that’s the case, the first thing to do is loosen your belt — or your pants, dress, or whatever else is holding you tight.

Stand up straight.Your posture can also contribute to heartburn. If you’re sitting or lying down, try standing up. If you’re already standing, try standing up more straightly.An upright posture puts less pressure on your lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Your LES is a ring of muscle that helps stop stomach acid from rising into your esophagus.

Elevate your upper body.Lying down can make heartburn worse. When it comes time for bed, adjust your sleeping surface to raise your upper body.According to the Mayo Clinic, lifting your head with extra pillows isn’t usually enough. Instead, the goal is to elevate your body from the waist up.If you have an adjustable bed, set it at a suitable angle to provide relief. If your bed isn’t adjustable, you can change the angle of your sleeping surface by using a wedge pillow.

Mix baking soda with water.You might have a heartburn remedy at hand in your kitchen without even knowing it. Baking soda can calm some episodes of heartburn by neutralizing your stomach acid.To do this, dissolve a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water and drink it slowly. In fact, you should drink everything slowly when you have heartburn.

Try ginger.Ginger has been used as a folk remedy for heartburn for centuries. Ginger can help relieve nausea, so some believe it may be worth trying for heartburn, too.Consider adding grated or diced ginger root to your favorite stir-fry recipes, soups, and other foods. To make ginger tea, steep raw ginger root, dried ginger root, or ginger tea bags in boiling water.It’s probably best to avoid ginger ale, though. Carbonated beverages are a common heartburn trigger, and most brands of ginger ale are made with artificial flavoring rather than the real thing.

Take licorice supplements:Licorice root is another folk remedy that’s been used to treat heartburn. It’s believed that it might help increase the mucous coating of your esophageal lining, which may protect your esophagus from damage caused by stomach acid.Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a supplement that contains licorice that’s been processed to remove much of its glycyrrhizin, a compound that can cause adverse side effects.Eating too much licorice or DGL may raise your blood pressure, lower your potassium levels, and interfere with certain medications. Always talk to your doctor before taking licorice or DGL supplements.

Sip apple cider vinegar Apple cider vinegar is another home remedy that some people use to treat heartburn, believing that it may neutralize stomach acid.One researcher suggested that drinking diluted apple cider vinegar after a meal may help alleviate heartburn for some people. However, these effects didn’t reach the level of statistical significance so more research is needed.If you decide to try this remedy, dilute the apple cider vinegar with water and drink it after your meal.

Chew gum.According to 2014 research, chewing gum for half an hour after meals may also help reduce heartburn.Chewing gum stimulates saliva production and swallowing. This might help dilute and clear stomach acid from your esophagus.

Avoid cigarette smoke.You probably already know that smoking is bad for your health. But did you know that smoking can contribute to heartburn? If you’re a smoker and you get an attack of heartburn, don’t light up.Smoking might be a go-to coping strategy when you’re uncomfortable, but it’s not going to make that burning feeling go away.

Take over-the-counter heartburn medication.There are plenty of over-the-counter (OTC) heartburn medications that are available for use. These medicines come in three classes:

antacids

H2 blockers

proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

PPIs and H2 blockers reduce how much acid your stomach secretes, which can help prevent and reduce heartburn symptoms. Antacids neutralize stomach acid.

The takeaway when heartburn hits, many over-the-counter treatments, home remedies, and lifestyle adjustments may provide relief.Adjusting your daily habits can also help prevent heartburn symptoms from developing in the first place. For example, try to:

avoid common heartburn triggers, such as fatty and spicy foods

eat at least three hours before bedtime

avoid lying down after eating

maintain a healthy weight

If you experience heartburn more than two or three times a week, talk to your doctor. In some cases, they might prescribe medications or other treatments.

related stories

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Case A
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

1)Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications.[5][6] Symptoms include the taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, bad breath, chest pain, vomiting, breathing problems, and wearing away of the teeth.[5] Complications include esophagitis, esophageal strictures, and Barrett's esophagus.[5]

Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatus hernia, and taking certain medicines.[5] Medications involved include antihistamines, calcium channel blockers, antidepressants, and sleeping medication.[5] It is due to poor closure of the lower esophageal sphincter (the junction between the stomach and the esophagus).[5] Diagnosis among those who do not improve with simpler measures may involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, or esophageal manometry.[5]

Treatment is typically via lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery.[5] Lifestyle changes may include not lying down for three hours after eating, losing weight, avoiding certain foods, and stopping smoking.[5] Medications include antacids, H₂receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and prokinetics.[5][8] Surgery may be an option in those who do not improve with other measures.[5]

In the Western world, between 10 and 20% of the population are affected by GERD.[8] Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) once in a while, without significant symptoms or complications, is more common.[5] The condition was first described in 1935 by the American gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein.[9] The classic symptoms had been described earlier in 1925.[10]

2)Gastroesophagal Reflux Disease is caused by a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter. In healthy patients, the "Angle of His"—the angle at which the esophagus enters the stomach—creates a valve that prevents duodenal bile, enzymes, and stomach acid from traveling back into the esophagus where they can cause burning and inflammation of sensitive esophageal tissue.

Factors that can contribute to GERD:

Hiatal hernia, which increases the likelihood of GERD due to mechanical and motility factors.[20][21]

Obesity: increasing body mass index is associated with more severe GERD.[22] In a large series of 2,000 patients with symptomatic reflux disease, it has been shown that 13% of changes in esophageal acid exposure is attributable to changes in body mass index.[23]

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which can be present with increased gastric acidity due to gastrin production.

A high blood calcium level, which can increase gastrin production, leading to increased acidity.

Scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, which can feature esophageal dysmotility.

The use of medicines such as prednisolone.

Visceroptosis or Glénard syndrome, in which the stomach has sunk in the abdomen upsetting the motility and acid secretion of the stomach.

GERD has been linked to a variety of respiratory and laryngeal complaints such as laryngitis, chronic cough, pulmonary fibrosis, earache, and asthma, even when not clinically apparent. These atypical manifestations of GERD are commonly referred to as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD).

Factors that have been linked with GERD, but not conclusively:

Obstructive sleep apnea[24][25]

Gallstones, which can impede the flow of bile into the duodenum, which can affect the ability to neutralize gastric acid

In 1999, a review of existing studies found that, on average, 40% of GERD patients also had H. pylori infection.[26] The eradication of H. pylori can lead to an increase in acid secretion,[27] leading to the question of whether H. pylori-infected GERD patients are any different than non-infected GERD patients. A double-blind study, reported in 2004, found no clinically significant difference between these two types of patients with regard to the subjective or objective measures of disease severity.[28]

Diagnosis[edit]

Endoscopic image of peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus near the junction with the stomach: This is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and can be a cause of dysphagia or difficulty swallowing.

The diagnosis of GERD is usually made when typical symptoms are present.[29] Reflux can be present in people without symptoms and the diagnosis requires both symptoms or complications and reflux of stomach content.[30]

Other investigations may include esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Barium swallow X-rays should not be used for diagnosis.[29]Esophageal manometry is not recommended for use in diagnosis, being recommended only prior to surgery.[29] Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring may be useful in those who do not improve after PPIs and is not needed in those in whom Barrett's esophagus is seen.[29]Investigation for H. pylori is not usually needed.[29]

The current gold standard for diagnosis of GERD is esophageal pH monitoring. It is the most objective test to diagnose the reflux disease and allows monitoring GERD patients in their response to medical or surgical treatment. One practice for diagnosis of GERD is a short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors, with improvement in symptoms suggesting a positive diagnosis. Short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors may help predict abnormal 24-hr pH monitoring results among patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD.[31]

Endoscopy[edit]

Endoscopy, the looking down into the stomach with a fibre-optic scope, is not routinely needed if the case is typical and responds to treatment.[29] It is recommended when people either do not respond well to treatment or have alarm symptoms, including dysphagia, anemia, blood in the stool (detected chemically), wheezing, weight loss, or voice changes.[29] Some physicians advocate either once-in-a-lifetime or 5- to 10-yearly endoscopy for people with longstanding GERD, to evaluate the possible presence of dysplasia or Barrett's esophagus.[32]

Biopsies performed during gastroscopy may show:

Edema and basal hyperplasia (nonspecific inflammatory changes)

Lymphocytic inflammation (nonspecific)

Neutrophilic inflammation (usually due to reflux or Helicobacter gastritis)

Eosinophilic inflammation (usually due to reflux): The presence of intraepithelial eosinophils may suggest a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) if eosinophils are present in high enough numbers. Less than 20 eosinophils per high-power microscopic field in the distal esophagus, in the presence of other histologic features of GERD, is more consistent with GERD than EE.[33]

Goblet cell intestinal metaplasia or Barrett's esophagus

Elongation of the papillae

Thinning of the squamous cell layer

Dysplasia

Carcinoma

Reflux changes may not be erosive in nature, leading to "nonerosive reflux disease".

Severity[edit]

Severity may be documented with the Johnson-DeMeester's scoring system:[34] 0 - None 1 - Minimal - occasional episodes 2 - Moderate - medical therapy visits 3 - Severe - interfere with daily activities

3)Solution:

Antacids that neutralize stomach acid. Antacids, such as Mylanta, Rolaids and Tums, may provide quick relief. But antacids alone won't heal an inflamed esophagus damaged by stomach acid. Overuse of some antacids can cause side effects, such as diarrhea or sometimes kidney problems.

Medications to reduce acid production. These medications — known as H-2-receptor blockers — include cimetidine (Tagamet HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC), nizatidine (Axid AR) and ranitidine (Zantac). H-2-receptor blockers don't act as quickly as antacids, but they provide longer relief and may decrease acid production from the stomach for up to 12 hours. Stronger versions are available by prescription.

Medications that block acid production and heal the esophagus. These medications — known as proton pump inhibitors — are stronger acid blockers than H-2-receptor blockers and allow time for damaged esophageal tissue to heal. Over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid 24 HR) and omeprazole (Prilosec OTC, Zegerid OTC).

Upper endoscopy. Your doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera (endoscope) down your throat, to examine the inside of your esophagus and stomach. Test results can often be normal when reflux is present, but an endoscopy may detect inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or other complications. An endoscopy can also be used to collect a sample of tissue (biopsy) to be tested for complications such as Barrett's esophagus.

Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test. A monitor is placed in your esophagus to identify when, and for how long, stomach acid regurgitates there. The monitor connects to a small computer that you wear around your waist or with a strap over your shoulder. The monitor might be a thin, flexible tube (catheter) that's threaded through your nose into your esophagus, or a clip that's placed in your esophagus during an endoscopy and that gets passed into your stool after about two days.

Esophageal manometry. This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force exerted by the muscles of your esophagus.

X-ray of your upper digestive system. X-rays are taken after you drink a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of your digestive tract. The coating allows your doctor to see a silhouette of your esophagus, stomach and upper intestine. You may also be asked to swallow a barium pill that can help diagnose a narrowing of the esophagus that may interfere with swallowing.

Maintain a healthy weight. Excess pounds put pressure on your abdomen, pushing up your stomach and causing acid to reflux into your esophagus.

Stop smoking. Smoking decreases the lower esophageal sphincter's ability to function properly.

Elevate the head of your bed. If you regularly experience heartburn while trying to sleep, place wood or cement blocks under the feet of your bed so that the head end is raised by 6 to 9 inches. If you can't elevate your bed, you can insert a wedge between your mattress and box spring to elevate your body from the waist up. Raising your head with additional pillows isn't effective.

Don't lie down after a meal. Wait at least three hours after eating before lying down or going to bed.

Eat food slowly and chew thoroughly. Put down your fork after every bite and pick it up again once you have chewed and swallowed that bite.

Avoid foods and drinks that trigger reflux. Common triggers include fatty or fried foods, tomato sauce, alcohol, chocolate, mint, garlic, onion, and caffeine.

Avoid tight-fitting clothing. Clothes that fit tightly around your waist put pressure on your abdomen and the lower esophageal sphincter.

Prescription-strength H-2-receptor blockers. These include prescription-strength famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine and ranitidine (Zantac). These medications are generally well-tolerated but long-term use may be associated with a slight increase in risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency and bone fractures.

Prescription-strength proton pump inhibitors. These include esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex) and dexlansoprazole (Dexilant). Although generally well-tolerated, these medications might cause diarrhea, headache, nausea and vitamin B-12 deficiency. Chronic use might increase the risk of hip fracture.

Medication to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter. Baclofen may ease GERD by decreasing the frequency of relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter. Side effects might include fatigue or nausea.

Certain foods and lifestyle are considered to promote gastroesophageal reflux, but most dietary interventions have little supporting evidence.[35] Some evidence suggests that reduced sugar intake and increased fiber intake can help.[36] Avoidance of specific foods and of eating before lying down should be recommended only to those in which they are associated with the symptoms.[30] Foods that have been implicated include coffee, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods.[30] Weight loss and elevating the head of the bed are generally useful.[37] A wedge pillow that elevates the head may inhibit gastroesophageal reflux during sleep.[38] Stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol do not appear to result in significant improvement in symptoms.[37] Although moderate exercise may improve symptoms in people with GERD, vigorous exercise may worsen them.[35]

Medications[edit]
Main article: Drugs for acid-related disorders

The primary medications used for GERD are proton-pump inhibitors, H₂ receptor blockers and antacids with or without alginic acid.[8]

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole, are the most effective, followed by H₂ receptor blockers, such as ranitidine.[30] If a once daily PPI is only partially effective they may be used twice a day.[30] They should be taken one half to one hour before a meal.[29] There is no significant difference between PPIs.[29] When these medications are used long term, the lowest effective dose should be taken.[30] They may also be taken only when symptoms occur in those with frequent problems.[29] H₂ receptor blockers lead to roughly a 40% improvement.[39]

The evidence for antacids is weaker with a benefit of about 10% (NNT=13) while a combination of an antacid and alginic acid (such as Gaviscon) may improve symptoms 60% (NNT=4).[39] Metoclopramide (a prokinetic) is not recommended either alone or in combination with other treatments due to concerns around adverse effects.[8][30] The benefit of the prokinetic mosapride is modest.[8]

Sucralfate has a similar effectiveness to H₂ receptor blockers; however, sucralfate needs to be taken multiple times a day, thus limiting its use.[8] Baclofen, an agonist of the GABABreceptor, while effective, has similar issues of needing frequent dosing in addition to greater adverse effects compared to other medications.[8]

Surgery[edit]

The standard surgical treatment for severe GERD is the Nissen fundoplication. In this procedure, the upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter to strengthen the sphincter and prevent acid reflux and to repair a hiatal hernia.[40] It is recommended only for those who do not improve with PPIs.[29] Quality of life is improved in the short term compared to medical therapy, but there is uncertainty in the benefits over surgery versus long-term medical management with proton pump inhibitors.[41] When comparing different fundoplication techniques, partial posterior fundoplication surgery is more effective than partial anterior fundoplication surgery,[42] and partial fundoplication has better outcomes than total fundoplication.[43]

In 2012 the FDA approved a device called the LINX, which consists of a series of metal beads with magnetic cores that are placed surgically around the lower esophageal sphincter, for those with severe symptoms that do not respond to other treatments. Improvement of GERD symptoms is similar to those of the Nissen fundoplication, although there is no data regarding long-term effects. Compared to Nissen fundoplication procedures, the procedure has shown a reduction in complications such as gas bloat syndrome that commonly occur.[44] Adverse responses include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, vomiting, and nausea. Contraindications that would advise against use of the device are patients who are or may be allergic to titanium, stainless steel, nickel, or ferrous iron materials. A warning advises that the device should not be used by patients who could be exposed to, or undergo, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of serious injury to the patient and damage to the device.[45]

In those with symptoms that do not improve with PPIs surgery known as transoral incisionless fundoplication may help.[46] Benefits may last for up to six years.[47]

Pregnancy[edit]

In pregnancy, dietary modifications and lifestyle changes may be attempted, but often have little effect. Calcium-based antacids are recommended if these changes are not effective. Aluminum- and magnesium-based antacids are also safe, as is ranitidine[48] and PPIs.[29]

Infants[edit]

Infants may see relief with changes in feeding techniques, such as smaller, more frequent feedings, changes in position during feedings, or more frequent burping during feedings.[49]They may also be treated with medicines such as ranitidine or proton pump inhibitors.[50] Proton pump inhibitors however have not been found to be effective in this population and there is a lack of evidence for safety.[51]

Overtreatment[edit]

The use of acid suppression therapy is a common response to GERD symptoms and many patients get more of this kind of treatment than their individual case merits.[52] The overuse of this treatment is a problem because of the side effects and costs which the patient will have from undergoing unnecessary therapy, and patients should not take more treatment than they need.[52]

In some cases, a person with GERD symptoms can manage them by taking over-the-counter drugs and making lifestyle changes.[53] This is often safer and less expensive than taking prescription drugs.[53] Some guidelines recommend trying to treat symptoms with an H₂ antagonist before using a proton-pump inhibitor because of cost and safety concerns.[53]

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Case B
(1) Stomach Cancer.
Function of stomach
The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.

(2) Elyssa's mother feels full after only eating a small meal and lost weight after the surgery.  After half the stomach has been removed during the surgery, her stomach became smaller and this makes her feel full quicker than before surgery

(3) Take 6 to 8 small meals a day. For weight loss, try taking high-calorie or meal replacement drinks.

# data[].attributes.body
Case A
1)The stomach churns food with digestive juices .The disease makes the food and acid in our stomach go back up our gullet,causing reflux disease.
2)The patient experiences heartburn.It is because of the exposure of stomach acid in the gullet.
3)The patient must eat less and get treated.

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Case C
(1)Digests most food here and digested food absorbed into bloodstream.
(2) Lower half of small intestine is inflamed.
(3) Take medicine to stop the inflammation. Take nutritional supplement to give him nutrients that his body needs.