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David Redfern example answer- AO1 and AO2

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David Redfern example answer- AO1 and AO2

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In response to requests.... Here is a human question (Changing places) to parallel my previous Substack.

A reminder: for A level Geography, there are two key Assessment Objectives (AOs):
AO1: demonstrate knowledge and understanding of places, environments, concepts, processes, interactions and change, at a variety of scales. AO2: apply knowledge and understanding in different contexts to interpret, analyse, and evaluate geographical information and issues.
Knowing how to separate and use these two AOs is fundamental in answering examination questions. Consider the data stimulus question below. It is written to match a generic style across the Boards, though the mark allocation may vary.

The weighting of the AOs here is 4 marks @ AO1 and 4 marks @ AO2. Total 8 marks.

Students have approximately 10 minutes to answer this question. You will see an answer to the question given below in two formats:

a. Without AO indications - normal font.

b. With AO indications. AO1 is in italics; AO2 is in bold.

[AO1 is recognizing the agencies, and their role, as well as for understanding information given on the maps. AO2 is any form of assessment.]
Study Fig. 2, which shows OS 1:25,000 map extracts of an area in the rural-urban fringe of Ipswich for 1955 and 2015. Using Fig. 2 assess the roles of different agencies that may have been involved in driving economic change in this area. (8 marks)
Figure 2
Answer 1
Between 1955 and 2015, a new dual-carriageway, the A14 was built to run into Ipswich from the rural-urban fringe. This is likely to make it much faster for people to travel into the centre of Ipswich than before due to the resulting improvement in infrastructure. This is likely to have driven economic change since it will have become increasingly possible for workers to commute into the town, where they will be able to earn higher incomes than before, leading to a multiplier effect on a local scale. This construction project was likely overseen by Highways England public sector organisation responsible for the road networks within the country. The organisation is funded by the Government which suggests that the UK state had a large role to play in driving economic change in the area as without the initial funding for the investment, it could not and would not have taken place.

Furthermore, there have been significant housing developments to the East of Sproughton over the 60-year period. This is likely to have led to economic change since the population of Sproughton will have likely increased over time and thus led to a greater demand for goods and services produced within the town. This is likely to have led to more local stores setting up and thus increasing the incomes of all those within the town. This development project will have undoubtedly involved a number of Local Council town planners along with architects in order to oversee the construction. The exact positioning of the housing is likely to have been coordinated by the council so as to have the maximum economic impact. In addition to this, since the new housing located very near to the River Gipping, it is likely that the Environment Agency will have been involved to prevent damage to this water system as a consequence of the development.
Answer 2
Between 1955 and 2015, a new dual-carriageway, the A14 was built to run into Ipswich from the rural-urban fringe. This is likely to make it much faster for people to travel into the centre of Ipswich than before due to the resulting improvement in infrastructure. This is likely to have driven economic change since it will have become increasingly possible for workers to commute into the town, where they will be able to earn higher incomes than before, leading to a multiplier effect on a local scale. This construction project was likely overseen by Highways England public sector organisation responsible for the road networks within the country. The organisation is funded by the Government which suggests that the UK state had a large role to play in driving economic change in the area as without the initial funding for the investment, it could not and would not have taken place.

Furthermore, there have been significant housing developments to the East of Sproughton over the 60-year period. This is likely to have led to economic change since the population of Sproughton will have likely increased over time and thus led to a greater demand for goods and services produced within the town. This is likely to have led to more local stores setting up and thus increasing the incomes of all those within the town. This development project will have undoubtedly involved a number of Local Council town planners along with architects in order to oversee the construction. The exact positioning of the housing is likely to have been coordinated by the council so as to have the maximum economic impact. In addition to this, since the new housing located very near to the River Gipping, it is likely that the Environment Agency will have been involved to prevent damage to this water system as a consequence of the development.

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Understanding the difference between the AOs.

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Annual Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) Population Estimates for England and Wales: Mid-2018 published by Office of National Statistics.

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http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/advanced/changing_places.php

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3.2.2.1 The nature and importance of places
The concept of place and the importance of place in human life and experience.

Globalisation & Localisation

Insider and outsider perspectives on place.

Categories of place
Endogenous and Exogenous factors contributing to the character of places:

3.2.2.2 Changing places - relationships, connections, meaning and representation

Relationships and connections, meaning and representation via 2 place studies

3.2.2.2.1 Relationships and connections
The impact of relationships and connections on people and place
Either changing demographic and cultural characteristics
or
economic change and social inequalities.
How characteristics of places are shaped by shifting flows of people, resources, money and investment, and ideas at all scales from local to global.
The characteristics and impacts of external forces on places
How past and present connections, within and beyond localities, shape places and embed them in regional, national, international and global scales.

3.2.2.2.2 Meaning and representation
The importance of the meanings and representations attached to places by people with a particular focus on people's lived experience of place in the past and at present.
* How humans perceive, engage with and form attachments to places and how they present and represent the world to others, including the way in which everyday place meanings are bound up with different identities, perspectives and experiences.
* How external agencies, including government, corporate bodies and community or local groups make attempts to influence or create specific place-meanings and thereby shape the actions and behaviours of individuals, groups, businesses and institutions.
* How places may be represented in a variety of different forms such as advertising copy, tourist agency material, local art exhibitions in diverse media (eg film, photography, art, story, song etc) that often give contrasting images to that presented formally or statistically such as cartography and census data.

* How both past and present processes of development can be seen to influence the social and economic characteristics of places and so be implicit in present meanings.

3.2.2.4 Place studies
Local place study - High Heaton, Heaton and Byker
Contrasting distant place study - Keswick

Nature and importance of places

Perspectives on place

Categories of place

Endogenous and Exogenous factors

Relationships and connections in places

Meaning and representation

Place representation

Keswick as a Place

Keswick Changes and people

High Heaton, Heaton and Byker as places

Local area changes

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3.2.2.1 The nature and importance of places The concept of place and the importance of place in human life and experience. Globalisation & Localisation Insider and outsider perspectives on place.

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Examples

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‘The changing character of a place over time is more effectively represented by statistical and cartographical sources than artistic sources such as painting, poetry and photography’

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Evaluate how external agencies, such as governments, corporate bodies and community groups attempt to influence or create place meaning (9 marks)

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Rebranding Manchester success or failure

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People and businesses in Glasgow are being asked to come up with ideas for a new brand name to spearhead efforts in marketing the city at home and abroad.

Since 2004, Scotland's largest city has used "Glasgow: Scotland with style".

The aim is to have a new brand in time for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Responses can be given at the What Makes Glasgow Great website and also on Facebook. Postcards and collection-boxes have also been situated in more than 40 locations throughout the city.

The consultation, led by Glasgow City Marketing Bureau, runs until 21 May.

'Next chapter'

Glasgow City Council leader Gordon Matheson said the existing brand had helped position Glasgow as "a world-class destination" and had been crucial in attracting and retaining tourism, retail and inward investment success.

He said: "Now, we're asking the people of Glasgow and anyone who wants to see Glasgow flourish to help us write the next chapter in the city's brand story.

"Next year, Glasgow will be in the spotlight like never before when a staggering 1.5bn TV viewers around the world will focus their attention on the city for the Commonwealth Games.

"We're on the starting blocks and as we approach one year to go we're starting a conversation that's aimed at ensuring our residents, visitors and expat Glaswegians the world over have every opportunity to help shape the brand that will represent Glasgow during those Games and beyond."

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People and businesses in Glasgow are being asked to come up with ideas for a new brand name to spearhead efforts in marketing the city at home and abroad. Since 2004, Scotland's largest city has used "Glasgow: Scotland with style". The aim is to have a new brand in time for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

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Glasgow is a city bursting with life, energy, passion and personality. From its world-class universities and internationally acclaimed visual and performing arts credentials, to its legendary music scene, Art Nouveau architectural heritage and retail strength, Glasgow has earned a global reputation for its creativity and innovation.

As one of Europe's most vibrant, welcoming and dynamic cities, Glasgow is justifiably renowned throughout the world for the friendliness, warmth and humour of its people whose civic pride lies at the heart of the city's continuing success.

Next year, the global spotlight will be on Glasgow like never before when a staggering audience of 1.5 billion people will focus its attention on the city for the Commonwealth Games - providing an unprecedented opportunity to tell Glasgow's story to the world.
Glasgow also has bold aspirations for the future - as demonstrated by its successful bid for the 2015 Turner Prize, which will see Glasgow become the first Scottish city to host this prestigious event.

In tandem with its cultural and sporting ambitions, the promotion of Glasgow as a world-leading business city is key to competing internationally and delivering future economic growth.

As such, Glasgow City Council's Strategic Plan 2012-2017 and the Glasgow Economic Leadership (GEL) group have identified seven priority sectors for Glasgow's future economic development, comprising: life sciences; financial and business services; low carbon industries; engineering; manufacturing and design; higher and further education; and tourism and major events.

THE CHALLENGE
The development and implementation of a new, compelling and cohesive city brand through which to communicate Glasgow's key sectors, assets and ambitions to the world.

Glasgow City Marketing Bureau (GCMB) was tasked with delivering the project to develop an overarching brand strategy that will position Glasgow across national and international markets as a world-class visitor destination and a dynamic business and investment location.

THE SOLUTION
Glasgow City Marketing Bureau undertook a robust, evidence-based approach to this project, employing stakeholder engagement, digital and social media solutions and a comprehensive PR campaign.

In February this year, GCMB appointed Tayburn to conduct consultations with 40 of Glasgow's leaders from the private, public and academic sectors; drawing on their expertise and experience to shape the development of the Glasgow city brand architecture.

Additionally, Tayburn was engaged to explore the city's competitor landscape and report their findings and recommendations, which would help to inform the creative strategy.

During April and May, GCMB engaged the people of Glasgow in a month-long conversation, both on and offline, which was built around the question: 'What makes Glasgow a great city?'

To facilitate this, GCMB worked with Storm ID to design and build the website whatmakesglasgowgreat.co.uk, where visitors could have their say, share their brand ideas, images and video content and explore the contributions of fellow visitors. The site incorporated social media aggregation, allowing contributors to post via their Facebook page, while sharing tools and a newsletter sign-up option were also implemented.

The site employed responsive design to deliver an optimised user experience across phone, tablet and desktop, and content was presented through a dynamic 'tile wall', which updated in real time as opinions were added, extending through historical content via infinite scrolling.

Postcards and collection-boxes were also situated in more than 60 locations across Glasgow including libraries, museums, leisure centres, benefit offices, community halls, shopping centres and hotels to ensure as many people as possible could share their views.

GCMB implemented public relations activity during the four weeks of the conversation, targeting print, broadcast and online media across the UK and globally through GCMB's network of on-territory PR agents in France, Germany, Canada, Australia and the US aimed at maximising awareness and coverage.

During the conversation period, GCMB, with support from partners Glasgow City Council and Glasgow Life, reviewed all of the content received to identify the key themes.

Following this, GCMB then worked to capture the spirit of the conversation and translate those themes into a new brand that would deliver a strong, recognisable identity for Glasgow - one that provides a platform through which to articulate the city's global credentials across its priority growth sectors.

THE RESULTS
More than 1,500 people from 42 countries shared their views as part of the conversation, with the website receiving nearly 7,000 visits including from across the UK, Europe, the US, Canada, Australia, India and China. Far flung responses were also received from Oman, Egypt, Rwanda, Morocco, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Kazakhstan.

Overwhelmingly, the number one response from contributors was that it's the people of Glasgow that make the city great, which, ultimately, led to the development of 'People Make Glasgow' as the city's new brand.

Social media activity around the conversation and subsequent launch of the new brand reached a global audience of 1.25 million Facebook and Twitter users - with 'People Make Glasgow' trending on Twitter on launch day.

The PR campaign generated more than 80 items of coverage across print, broadcast and online media, representing 95m opportunities to see/hear (OTS/OTH).

"It was an amazing process. No other city has branded itself through social media - this was crowd branding on a global scale", says Scott Taylor, chief executive, Glasgow City Marketing Bureau. "The people of Glasgow are at the heart of our new brand, which presents a truly distinctive identity for the city."

Glasgow City Marketing Bureau employed Tangent to deliver the creative execution of 'People Make Glasgow', which has a strong geometric typeface that draws on the city's shipbuilding heritage and the unmistakeable style and colour palettes employed by Glasgow's world-renowned cultural icon, Charles Rennie Mackintosh. The brand's keynote ruby colour is passionate while the photography reflects the city's unique personality.

Taylor adds: "Throughout the lifespan of the brand the people of Glasgow will be encouraged to add to it and enhance it with their own stories and images, helping to paint a genuine picture of the city and all it has to offer - we're going to continue that successful conversation.

"One of the real strengths of this brand is its flexibility. It can be adapted for different audiences and sectors to highlight Glasgow's key strengths and reflect the city's increasingly diverse economy.

"'People Make Glasgow' will provide a platform to show the world Glasgow's strengths and act to attract investment, growth and opportunity to our city."
Glasgow City Marketing Bureau
Tel: 0141 566 0800
Email: hello@peoplemakeglasgow.com
Web: www.peoplemakeglasgow.com
Twitter:@peoplemakeGLA

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It's the people that make it: how Glasgow positioned itself as a dynamic destination

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Glasgow is a city bursting with life, energy, passion and personality. From its world-class universities and internationally acclaimed visual and performing arts credentials, to its legendary music scene, Art Nouveau architectural heritage and retail strength, Glasgow has earned a global reputation for its creativity and innovation.

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Barcelona

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Birmingham

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Lesson 13 Management and manipulation of place meanings

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Glossary of Definitions - Changing Places - AQA Geography A-level

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T Cresswell

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The other side of gentrification in Bristol

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The 7 things that show the gentrification of St Paul

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St Paul's- lived experience and representation

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St Paul's- lived experience and representation

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Intro information

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Useful website looking at the concept of place and use of place

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Following from my teaching on the module 'Culture, Space & Place' and my interest in the ways in which cultures and geographies are tied together, I wrote a book to support and outline this interest. Entitled 'Understanding Cultural Geography: Places & Traces', it was published by Routledge in 2010. Here is an excerpt. The second edition of Understanding Cultural Geography was published in March 2015, whilst a translation into Korean has also been published. A Q&A on the second edition can be found here.

Here is a short video introducing how cultures and geographies can be tied together in our everyday lives.

The critical insights of cultural geography have become increasingly relevant for A level geography curricula in the UK. As the Department of Education (2014) note,
"relationships and connections between people, the economy, society and the environment help to explain why places are constantly changing. In addition, the meanings and representations attached to places help to shape actions and behaviours affecting that place. A level specifications, and AS specifications which address this theme, must require that students undertake study of the way in which these factors (relationships, connections, meaning, representation) affect continuity and change in the nature of places and our understanding of place".
This acknowledgement by the DoE echoes insights in cultural geography since the late 1980s. As Cosgrove acknowledges, the world around us can be treated as "as an intentional human expression composed of many layers of meaning" (1989:120). As a consequence, any - and every - place is full of culture, taken and made by different cultural groups. Through their - and our - everyday practices, we act out our values and help form the nature of the places around us.

As Cosgrove states, for example,
"Anyone entering the park knows instinctively the boundaries of behaviour, the appropriate codes of conduct. In general one should walk or rather stroll along the paths. Running is only for children and the grass for sitting on or picnics. Ducks may be fed, but the pool neither paddled nor fished in. ...In sum, behaviour should be decorous and restrained. When these codes are transgressed, and they are, by music centres, BMX bikers, over-amorous couples or bottle-toting tramps... [these activities help us to read the ideas and meanings that have been written into our cultural world by particular groups]" (1989: 126).
The cultural places around thus therefore become 'texts' we can 'read'. As Cosgrove tells us, "much of the most interesting geography lies in decoding" the meanings imbued by people in places. Through this study we can learn alot about our own identities, how we should behave (according at least to the values of the dominant culture in any place), and whether we agree with these values. In Cosgrove's words, "...because geography is everywhere, reproduced daily by each one of us, the recovery of meaning in our ordinary landscapes tells us much about ourselves" (1989: 134).

The Department of Education suggests any decoding of the geographies around us:

"should... start from the local place within which students live or study and at least one further contrasting place through which to develop the required knowledge and understanding. Study must involve moving out from the local place to encompass regional, national, international and global scales in order to understand the dynamics of place. (Note that a local place may be a locality, neighbourhood or small community, either urban or rural)" (ibid.)

These places could start with the place of the school, the playground, a neighbourhood, a public place, a city, region, or nation. There follows a range of powerpoint resources that may help begin introducing these 'decoding' skills, and that can be applied to a range of empirical scales, from the local to the global:
Engaging with place Changing Places Place and Globalisation Place and Power: Graffiti
Specific empirical examples from Cardiff, which outline 'changing demographic and cultural characteristics' (DoE, 2014), 'economic change and social inequalities' (ibid.), and 'lived experience of place' (ibid.) can be found here

More specific cases that may prove helpful can be found here: http://www.spatialmanifesto.com/teaching-projects/culture-place-space

The curricula also suggests that students should "give particular weight to qualitative approaches involved in representing place, and to analysing critically the impacts of different media on place meanings and perceptions" (DoE, 2014).

A powerpoint to introduce qualitative methods for exploring places can be found here
Qualitative Methods for Reading Places
and more detail methods materials here:
http://www.spatialmanifesto.com/methodology-projects/qualitative-methods-podcasts
The new A level curricula also suggests that "places may be represented in a variety of different forms and use different media that often give contrasting images to that presented more formally or statistically... [this may include] photography, film, music, art, literature, poetry, graffiti". A film focusing on graffiti is noted above, and there is another based on a case study in Stokes Croft, Bristol here:
http://www.spatialmanifesto.com/teaching-projects/dissertation-film
The following websites show literary approaches to Cardiff, and Wales:

Additional powerpoint resources: The Geography of Place

References

Cosgrove, D. 1989 Geography is Everywhere: Culture and Symbolism in Human Landscapes. Gregory, D & Welford, R. eds. Horizons in Human Geography. Macmillan: Basingstoke. 118-135

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Following from my teaching on the module 'Culture, Space & Place' and my interest in the ways in which cultures and geographies are tied together, I wrote a book to support and outline this interest. Entitled 'Understanding Cultural Geography: Places & Traces', it was published by Routledge in 2010.

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Referred to in the Clone Towns ppt

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Exam questions with mark scheme start the PPT, then it moves on to consider identity

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Example used in lesson

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6. shaping_character_of_place ex and end

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Model of place attachment included SENT ON EMAIL AS TOO LARGE

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Poet providing a commentary on the poem

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A Sense of Place: Dana Gioia at TEDxSonomaCounty

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California Hill In August

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Consider your media influenced knowledge of New York. How does the website 'Humans of New York' alter your perception?