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“In Pittsburgh these battles raged for 3 days. At Pittsburgh 26 people were killed, and every single railroad car and 160 locomotives were destroyed. Every railroad building in Pittsburgh was set afire.”

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The Homestead Strike was caused by tension between steel workers and managment that resulted from wage cuts and the firing of the workers of the steel plant. Henry Clay Frick is mainly to blame for the Homestead Strike because of his decision to cut wages, which directly led to the strike.

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When the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut wages for the third time that year, thousand of workers went on strike resulting in many deaths and people put in jail.
Short-term causes: strengthened army and militia to prepare for other outbreaks like this one. Mainly freight trains did not operate until after strike. The strike overall accomplished very little.
Long-term: labor unions decreased and corporations continued to cut wages.
Blame: B&O Railroad

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- Worker Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman decided to murder Frick during the Homestead strike: “Frick is the responsible factor in this crime; he must be made to stand the consequences.”
- Towards Carnegie: “One would naturally suppose that if he had a grain of manhood, not to say courage, in his composition, he would at least have been willing to face the consequences of his inconsistencySay what you will of Carnegie, he is a coward. While the slaughter was going on, Partner Carnegie was at his castle in Scotland enjoying his more than princely income and posing as a benefactor of the working class and a general friend to humanity.”
- Pinkertons being abused: “We were clubbed at every step. Sticks, stones, and dirt were thrown at us. The women pulled us down, spat in our faces, kicked us, and tore our clothing off while the crowd jeered and cheered."

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National Guard patrol the main street

An account of a militant strike of steel workers of the Carnegie company in the US defending their organization and conditions against the bosses, the police and hired armed mercenaries.

The strike lasted 4 months, from July-November, and the militia marched furiously through Homestead. Congress held hearings in the town of Homestead, and over 30 people were charged with treason. An assasiantion of Henry Frick was attempted as well, but it failed.

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In July of 1877 in Martinsburg WV, Baltimore and Ohio railroad workers refused to let trains pass. This was because employers had cut wages twice in 1876. The strike spread throughout Ohio and finally ended in August of 1877

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On the day of the Ludlow battle a chum and myself left the house of the Rev. J. O. Ferris, the Episcopal minister with whom I boarded in Trinidad, for a long tramp through the hills. We walked fourteen miles, intending to take the Colorado & Southern Railway back to Trinidad from Ludlow station.

We were going down a trail on the mountain side above the tent city at Ludlow when my chum pulled my sleeve and at the same instant we heard shooting. The militia were coming out of Hastings Canyon and firing as they came. We lay flat behind a rock and after a few minutes I raised my hat aloft on a stick. Instantly bullets came in our direction. One penetrated my hat. The militiamen must have been watching the hillside through glasses and thought my old hat betrayed the whereabouts of a sharpshooter of the miners.

Saw Tikas Murdered.

Then came the killing of Louis Tikas, the Greek leader of the strikers. We saw the militiamen parley outside the tent city, and, a few minutes later, Tikas came out to meet them. We watched them talking. Suddenly an officer raised his rifle, gripping the barrel, and felled Tikas with the butt.

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The Hayward Square Riot was an enormous labor rights riot that took place in Chicago in May of 1886. This riot consisted of 1,500 Chicago workers who were reacting the killing of a labor activist the day before. About 200 police showed up to disperse the riot when a bomb detonated and killed 8 activists.

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The Carnegie steel plant workers at Homestead began to form a union. In early 1892 Henry Clay Frick lowered the worker's wages on the Carnegie steel plant and broke their union. When they didn’t accept the pay cut, Frick laid off the entire workforce. Over 3,000 workers decided to strike, they took over the town. In an attempt to stop the strike, multiple Pinkertons attempted to come from the river and calm the people. Things escalated, shots were fired, and people died. The Pinkertons had to retreat back to their boats. The strike lasted for four months, but the strikers had no resources left and had to go back to work.

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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The short term effect of the Haymarket Riot was that it led the formation of the American Federation of Labor and it decreased the number of Knights of Labor. The long term effect was the government of Illinois associating the Knights of Labor with the anarchist, mistakingly, and the government of Illinois taking action on the unions. To take responsibility for the Riot, 5 anarchist were sentenced to death and 3 were given prison terms. The anarchist, not associated with the Knights of Labor are responsible for the bombing while the Knights of Labor are responsible for the strike

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Source Information:
“There is no evidence that I or any of us killed, or had anything to do with the killing of, policemen at the Haymarket. None at all. But it was proven clearly that we were all of us anarchists, socialists, communists, Knights of Labor, unionists. It was proven that three of us were editors of labor papers; that five of us were labor organizers and speakers at workingmen’s mass meetings. They, this class court, jury, law and verdict, have decided that we must be put to death because, as they say, we are “leaders” of men who denounce and battle against oppression, slaveries, robbery and influences of monopolists. Of these crimes against the capitalist class they found us guilty beyond any reasonable doubt, and, so finding, they have sentenced us.”

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George M. Pullman is responsible for the Pullman Car Strike. Responding to the falling revenue during the economic depression in 1893, Pullman responded by firing over 2,000 workers and lowering wages by 25%, yet did not lower rent in the company town. Many families then faced starvation and poverty, leading to the strike.

The Pullman Strike convinced Americans that the conflict between company owners and workers was reaching a crisis. The violence served to limit union activity and courts surpassed strikes. The Pullman Strike caused a greater involvement of courts in labor strikes. The strike also established a more significant role for federal government intervention in strikes and introduced the use of the federal military in addressing strikes. Railway companies began hiring nonunion workers to restart business and the ARU lost strength to the federal government.

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"REMEMBER LUDLOW" the battle cry of the crushed, downtrodden, despised miners stifled at Calumet, in West Virginia, in Cripple Creek, has echoed from coal camp to coal camp in southern Colorado, and has served again to notify the world that Labor will not down.
- by Julia May Courtney (May 1914)

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Document Source:  F. E. Pollans, L. J. Newell, Theo. Rodhe, citizens of Pullman affected by the decisions of George Pullman

August 17, 1894.

To His Excellency, the Governor of the State of Illinois:

We, the people of Pullman, who, by the greed and oppression of George M. Pullman, have been brought to a condition where starvation stares us in the face, do hereby appeal to you for aid in this our hour of need. We have been refused employment and have no means of leaving this vicinity, and our families are starving…There are over 1600 families here in destitution and want, and their condition is pitiful.

Yours in distress,

THE STARVING CITIZENS OF PULLMAN

F. E. POLLANS,

L. J. NEWELL,

THEO. RODHE,

Committee.

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Who/What: Workers at the Pullman Sleeping Car plant in Chicago went on strike after the company reduced wages without reducing the worker’s company housing rent, causing many to be at the mercy of the company. It was the largest nationwide strike. On June 26, the American Railroad Union also boycotted trains with Pullman Sleeping cars.

When: Mall 11th, 1894 - July 20, 1894.
Where: Pullman Illinois near Chicago, Illinois is where the strike occurred. Chicagos population was already rapidly growing, and the strie was unexpected from the company town.

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21-25 people were killed during this strike massacre. In the aftermath of the massacre came the Ten Day War, part of the wider Colorado Coalfield war. As news of the deaths of women and children spread, the leaders of organized labor unions issued a call to arms. John D. Rockefeller, a part-owner of CF&I had appeared before a United States Congressional Hearing on the strikes, was widely blamed for having orchestrated the massacre.

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The Ludlow Massacre was soldiers and the Colorado National Guard attacking coal miners who were on strike. It was part of the Colorado Coalfield War, where these miners were on strike against poor labor conditions. It happened in Ludlow, Colorado where approximately 21 people were killed, including children and wives.