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“Captive Greece has conquered her rude conqueror,” the Roman poet Horace famously wrote in the late first century BCE. This comment about the deep influence of Greek culture on the Roman world, even after the Roman conquest of Greece was complete.

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Ultimately, the impact of the Hellenization of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, which started with Alexander’s conquests, lasted far beyond the Hellenistic kingdoms, as the Greek language continued to be the language of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Homer, whose epics continued to be as great an inspiration to the Greeks of the Roman world as they were to their Archaic Age counterparts. For instance, the Homeric  values were likely the reason for the minimal advances in military technology in the Greek world.

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The second cultural constant was
the work of the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, in whose shadows all subsequent philosophers
of the Greco-Roman world labored. Even as the Greek-speaking portions of the Roman Empire
turned to Christianity, they could not abandon their philosophical roots, resulting, for instance,
in the Gnostic heresies.

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“Captive Greece has conquered her rude conqueror,” Horace's cheeky comment thus proved to be true far longer than he could have expected.