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The Temperate Deciduous Forests is a type of biome that has many deciduous trees that drop their leaves in the fall. They are also known as broad-leaf forest because the trees there are wide, flat leaves. The Deciduous Forest is exposed to cold and warm air masses which cause them to have four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. They lie in the mid-latitude areas of the Earth, between the Arctic poles and the tropics. When winter starts to approach and the daylight decreases, the chlorophyll in the leaves slows down and eventually stops, revealing the bright red, yellow and orange colors of the fall. The Temperate Deciduous Forest has many different locations and they are in eastern United States, China, Japan, Canada and Europe. Tropical and subtropical forests are also other types of deciduous forests.

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The Deciduous Forest has temperatures ranging from -22° F to 86° F. The average rainfall there is 30 to 60 inches, with added precipitation falling in the form of snow. The temperate deciduous forest canopies only allow some sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor. It creates more plant and animal diversity than found in tropical or subtropical deciduous forests, which they both have dense canopies.

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The graph is showing that it rains a lot in the temperate deciduous forest. It’s most rainy months are June, July, and August.The deciduous forest receives 30 to 59 inches of rain per year. The average yearly temperature there is 50° F. When it gets winter time the temperature will often go below freezing.

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In the temperate deciduous forest the latitude is approximately 25° and 50° latitude in both North and South. The deciduous trees grow up to elevations where the coniferous trees begin, at approximately 9,000 feet above sea level. Latitude affects the deciduous forest climate because it is closer to the equator, which causes it to be warmer and wetter, as warmer air holds more moisture than colder air. Altitude affects the climate because the deciduous forest has a lower elevation which makes the climate warmer and wetter.

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The topography for the temperate deciduous forest is that it is a hilly and sometimes flat area that has many different shrubs, mosses, herbs, ferns, and trees. Also twigs, leaves, and many other plants cover the ground. The insolation is medium there which takes a huge roll on the four seasons. The canopy is very thick but it allows sunlight to reach the forest floor so this allows plants in the other layer to grow.

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Typical plants: The Carolina Spring beauty and The Wood Anemone Nightcaps

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Typical plants: The Carolina Spring beauty and The Wood Anemone Nightcaps

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There are many different types of wildflowers in the deciduous forest. The Carolina Spring beauty and the scientific name for it is Claytonia caroliniana. It’s a flowering, woodland perennial herb and it blooms from March through June. It grows from spherical underground tubers in light humus and they also sprout and bloom before the tree canopy develops. Their boom colors are white and pink. The growing conditions are that they have to be in part shade, the soil has to be moist and wet, and the soil also has to be rich, moist soil (prefers high humus).

Another wildflower is the Wood Anemone Nightcaps and the scientific name for it is Anemone quinquefolia. It's a low, delicate plant with a whorl of 3 stalks and it has deeply cut leaves. They bloom from April through June and their bloom colors are white, green, and brown. Their growing conditions are that they have to have medium water use, part shade or shade, the soil has to be moist, the soil also has to be damp, and rich.

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Typical animals: Red-back salamander and Hackle mesh Weaver spider

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Typical animals: Red-back salamander and Hackle mesh Weaver spider

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There are all types of different animals that live in the deciduous forest. The Red-backed salamander is characterized by an orange to red stripe down the length of their tail and body. They also evade predators by dropping all or part of their tail in the attack. When the tail falls off a new tail will eventually grow, maybe even though the new tail may be duller in color.

Another animal is the Hackle mesh Weaver spider which sometimes gets mistaken for a Brown Recluse. They are a small brown spider and they are not an aggressive spider. Hackle mesh Weaver builds silken webs that they have to tease out into a big mass with one of their legs.

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The Sweet Gum trees are adapted to the deciduous forest by having thick bark to protect them from cold winters. They also drop their leaves prior to the winter that lets them store water/moisture and survive the cold winter. In the summertime, their green broad leaves help capture sunlight so they can make food through photosynthesis. The Sweet Gum tree topographic position is ridges which means the soils tend to be coarser than the flats, and the drainage is better.

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The Magnolia tree adapts to wet soils by having very superficial roots, in which these roots exchange oxygen at the top layer of the soil. When the leaves drop, the tree seals the open area to retain moisture. It needs a minimum of four hours of direct insolation and unfiltered sunlight per day. They grow in the southeastern US and the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.

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They like to rest during the day and only active in the morning and late afternoon. They also like to make their burrows in rotting logs and stone walls. Chipmunks eat grains, nuts, seeds, mushrooms, and berries. They will also raid bird nests, and eat the eggs and baby birds. The Eastern Chipmunks don't like open areas and will stay under the cover of plants. Also they don't go into a deep hibernation, they actually move around during warmer weather.

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They have adapted to the deciduous forest by having extremely sharp eyesight. Which allows them to see the smallest animals so they can swoop down and eat them. They also soar slowly above the ground, utilizing natural air currents. Bald eagles have an extremely large wingspans which allows them to catch the currents and drift through the air.

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Threats to the Temperate Deciduous Forest

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Threats to the Temperate Deciduous Forest

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Acid rain is one threat to the deciduous forest and it is caused by industrial and vehicle emissions. It damages the leaves of the trees, and also causes them to produce smaller and fewer seeds. This can also reduce the tree's resistance to pests, frost, and diseases. Another threat is clear cutting, which means that the trees are getting cut down for timber and land cleared for agriculture.