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Alliance for Water Efficiency. (2011). Indoor water use. homewaterworks. Retrieved from: https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/toilets#:~:text=Federal%20law%20currently%20mandates%20that,(13.2%20liters)%20or%20more

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Think outside the toilet bowl, historian says

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Think outside the toilet bowl, historian says

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Binns, C. (2007). Think outside the toilet, historian says. NBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20038392

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Principles of water ethics

As the title indicates, it discusses the basic aspects of water ethics and why it is important in the world. Water is not the property of humans.

Jennings, B., Gwiazdon, K., Heltne, P. (2009). Principles of water ethics. Center for humans and nature. Retrieved from: https://www.humansandnature.org/principles-of-water-ethics

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The world needs more toilets – but not ones that flush

Discusses the increase of wastefulness in the use of water in toilets, as well as the disparity in water use.

Avellán, T. (2017). The world needs more toilets – but not ones that flush. The Conversation. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/the-world-needs-more-toilets-but-not-ones-that-flush-74007

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General information that about agriculture and wastewater.

Liebe, J., & Ardakanian, R. (2013, August). Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture [PDF]. Germany: United Nations University. Retrieved from https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2661/proceedings-no-11_WEB.pdf

All of section 1 is important and 3.5 seems useful on first instance

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"Overview" of wastewater,  specifics and methods.The conclusion and recommendations may be useful, but there is plenty of text.

Rashed, A. (2002, September). DRAINAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES [PDF]. Cairo, Egypt: National Water Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285055970_DRAINAGE_WASTEWATER_TREATMENT_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_APPROACHES

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Water treatment plants in Mexico

Wastewater treatment plants in Mexico specific data and programs:

De la Peña, M., Ducci, J., & Zamora, V. (2013). Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales en México [PDF]. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Retrieved from http://www.siagua.org/sites/default/files/documentos/documentos/tratamiento_de_aguas_residuales_en_mexico.pdf

Page 22 is a highlight

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Sanitation

This article shows the statistics of the population who had and who didn’t have access to sanitation around the world from 2000 to 2017.

“Since 1990, WHO and UNICEF have tracked progress on global water and sanitation goals through the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP). The JMP monitors trends in coverage; helps build national monitoring capacity in developing countries; develops and harmonises questionnaires, indicators and definitions to ensure comparability of data over time and among countries; and informs policymakers of the status of the water supply and sanitation sector through annual publications” (UNICEF, 2019).

UNICEF. (2019). Sanitation. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/sanitation/

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Access to Clean Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

This article demonstrates the number of people who have and don’t have access to sanitation around he world, and it shows  some data about numbers of  deaths related to bad sanitation and water access, in general.

“Over 5 billion people used safely managed drinking water services. An additional 1.4 billion used at least basic services. Over 206 million people used limited services, 435 million used unimproved sources, and 144 million still used surface water” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).

“Over 3 billion people used safely managed sanitation services. An additional 2.2 billion used at least basic sanitation services, 701 million used unimproved facilities, and 673 million continue to practice open defecation” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Access to Clean Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html

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Education and information about global water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), including fast facts and interesting information related to global water.

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Dirty Work: How Hygiene and Xenophobia Marginalized the American Waste Trades, 1870-1930

Article on how we conceptualize our waste often thingk of cleaning up after ourselves a s "dirty work". This prevenst us from learing about the right way to do it.

Zimring, C. (2004). Dirty Work: How Hygiene and Xenophobia Marginalized the American Waste Trades, 1870–1930 on JSTOR. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985946?seq=1

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Journal Information

Environmental History (EH) is the leading journal in the world for scholars, scientists, and practitioners who are interested in following the development of this exciting new field. EH carries international articles that portray human interactions with the natural world over time. Insights from history, geography, anthropology, the natural sciences, and many other disciplines are included.

Publisher Information

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. OUP is the world's largest university press with the widest global presence. It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals.

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Dirty Work: How Hygiene and Xenophobia Marginalized the American Waste Trades, 1870-1930 on JSTOR

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Journal Information Environmental History (EH) is the leading journal in the world for scholars, scientists, and practitioners who are interested in following the development of this exciting new field. EH carries international articles that portray human interactions with the natural world over time. Insights from history, geography, anthropology, the natural sciences, and many other disciplines are included.

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Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: Assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling

Most of our hygene waste highly contaminates the environment due to thier usage mixed with plastics. Such as adult incontinence pads, child nappies and more.

C.A. Takaya, I. Cooper, M. Berg, J. Carpenter, R. Muir, S. Brittle, Dipak K. Sarker,. (2019, April 1). Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: Assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X19301540

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Highlights

*

AHPs and plastics are the main wastes in the offensive human waste bags sampled.

*

Recycled AHPs are potential feedstocks for bio-composite and fertilizer industries.

*

Superabsorbent polymer and pulp recyclate quality play key roles in processing viability.

Abstract

Offensive human waste refers to non-hazardous waste that contains body fluids from non-infectious humans, comprised of post-consumer Absorbent Hygiene Products (AHPs), swabs, dressings, bedding, gloves, and other materials. While this waste category requires more stringent handling, storage and disposal measures than general waste, its non-hazardous nature suggests that there are opportunities for waste valorisation. An inventory of 200 offensive human waste bags collected from various healthcare institutions in South-Eastern England show that about 76% of the waste is comprised of AHPs, most of which are adult incontinence pads and child nappies. Mixed plastics comprised of predominantly HDPE represent 9% of the waste. To evaluate the potentials for offensive human waste valorisation, small-scale separation tests involving artificially-soiled nappies and associated mixed plastic packaging wastes have been performed. Findings suggest that about 50% of the total superabsorbent polymer is recoverable from fluff pulp fractions, recoveries of which are unaffected by the presence of ionic species typically present in human waste. On the other hand, recovery of mixed plastic packaging is more challenging. Overall, however, findings suggest that viable AHP recycling is possible if recyclate materials are targeted towards non-food related markets outlets such as the construction and land remediation sectors.

View full text

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Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: Assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling

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AHPs and plastics are the main wastes in the offensive human waste bags sampled. * Recycled AHPs are potential feedstocks for bio-composite and fertilizer industries. * Superabsorbent polymer and pulp recyclate quality play key roles in processing viability.

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Cost analysis of alternative methods for wastewater handling in small communities

Case study of Gebze villages (Turkey) to develop an optimized operation strategy and to make sure that the complete system is environmentally and economically sustainable.

G. Onkal Engin, I. Demir. (2006, June 1). Cost analysis of alternative methods for wastewater handling in small communities. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479705002549

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Abstract

Wastewater collection and treatment is quite important for sustainable management. It would be uneconomical and impractical to provide sewer systems and separate wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for small communities. The decision process in wastewater planning is rather important in terms of comparing the alternatives considered. The two important points in the management of wastewater at rural areas not connected to a sewer system are to develop an optimized operation strategy and to make sure that the complete system is environmentally and economically sustainable. In some regions, package treatment could be an alternative solution. However, in cases where there is an existing large WWTP, a cluster system, where sewage generated by small communities could be transported via conveyors to a centralized WWTP, could be employed. In this study, the wastewater treatment and disposal problems in small communities were addressed and an alternative wastewater handling scenario was proposed. Additionally, three wastewater handling scenarios were compared. As a case study, Gebze villages were selected.

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Cost analysis of alternative methods for wastewater handling in small communities

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Wastewater collection and treatment is quite important for sustainable management. It would be uneconomical and impractical to provide sewer systems and separate wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for small communities. The decision process in wastewater planning is rather important in terms of comparing the alternatives considered.

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Alternative methods for chlorination

Examples found : ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramines and to a less extend ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate, other halogens and silver ions.

F. Fiessinger, J.J. Rook, J.P. Duguet. (1985, December 1). Alternative methods for chlorination. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0048969785903389

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Existing disinfectants are oxidative agents which all present negative effects on subsequent treatment processes. None of them has decisive advantages...

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Domestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland in India

Construction of wetlands to reduce the amount of wastewater in India.

A.S. Juwarkar, B. Oke, A. Juwarkar, S.M. Patnaik,. (1995, January 1). Domestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland in India. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0273122395006370

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The paper highlights the use of constructed wetlands for the removal of BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus and pathogens from primary treated wastewater. The constructed wetland consists of emergent macrophytes Typha latifolia and Phragmites carca grown in cement pipes having 0.1256 m ² area and 0.8 meter deep filled with 30% soil and 70% sand. The hydraulic loadings were maintained at the rate of 5 cm per day.

The BOD removal in wetlands was observed to be 78-91%. The nitrogen content reduced from 30.8 mgl −1 to 9.5 mgl −1 whereas phosphate in treated wetland effluent was 9.6 mgl −1 as against the mean inflow total phosphate content of 14.9 mgl-1.

The Country's first constructed wetland, of 90m × 30m size, was installed at Sainik School, Bhubaneshwar in the State of Orissa. Two types of macrophytes, viz. Typha latifolia and Phragmites carca, were planted. At present 180-200 m ³ wastewater is being treated through wetland. BOD and nitrogen removal were 67-90% and 58-63% respectively.

The constructed wetland treatment was found to be efficient in removal of BOD and N, and economically viable. The system, being easy to operate and low cost, can provide an economical viable solution for wastewater management.

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Domestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland in India

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The paper highlights the use of constructed wetlands for the removal of BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus and pathogens from primary treated wastewater. The constructed wetland consists of emergent macrophytes Typha latifolia and Phragmites carca grown in cement pipes having 0.1256 m 2 area and 0.8 meter deep filled with 30% soil and 70% sand.