# data[].attributes.body
Thirteenth-century when Europeans coined the term "housewife" these medieval homesteaders were named "husband" a merging of "house" and "bonded" and "housewife". Although they tended to have gender-specific roles, husband and housewife still worked together toward a common aim of feeding and clothing the family until the Industrial Revolution, the husband left the family for a career outside the home, leaving the housewife to do all of the household chores.

Source: http://www.waldeneffect.org/blog/The_history_of_homemaking/

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19th Century & Earlier - Homemaking was first taught by the parents/ governess only to young women in preparation for their marriage and life as a wife.

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19th Century & Earlier - Homemaking was first taught by the parents/ governess only to young women in preparation for their marriage and life as a wife.

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it is only the only duty of women to learn how to be a good wife & be married.

Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homemaking

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The Homemaker and the Home Economist: Definitions and Identities in the Second Half of the 20th Century

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The Homemaker and the Home Economist: Definitions and Identities in the Second Half of the 20th Century

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Anna Flaming, recipient of the 2009 College of Human Ecology Fellowship in the History of Home Economics, describes how home economists proposed a positive and diverse definition of the American homemaker.Organized outreach to homemakers, home economists became important arbiters of American understandings of housewifery.

https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/21949

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1800s Catherine Esther Beecher First Champion of Home Economics

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1800s Catherine Esther Beecher First Champion of Home Economics

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-one of the earliest advocates for home economics education.

-helped give standardized procedures to women in how to conduct the home.

-the beginning, a turning point, in recognizing the importance of educating young girls and women about the home.

Source https://www.sutori.com/item/1841-the-treatise-on-domestic-economy-for-the-use-of-young-ladies-at-home-this

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In 1823, Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary

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In 1823, Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary

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-making it one of the first major educational institutions for women in the United States

Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Female_Seminary

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Harriet Beecher Stowe was a world-renowned American writer, staunch abolitionist and one of the most influential women of the 19th century

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Harriet Beecher Stowe was a world-renowned American writer, staunch abolitionist and one of the most influential women of the 19th century

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-wrote "Uncel Tom's Cabin
-feminist & abolitionist (against slavery)
-supported the ideas of her older sister Catherine
-taught HE in the Women Schools (especially those founded by her sister)
Source https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/harriet-beecher-stowe

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1841: The Treatise on Domestic Economy for the use of Young Ladies at Home

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1841: The Treatise on Domestic Economy for the use of Young Ladies at Home

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This was a book published by Catherine Beecher. It was one of the first books educating about home economics and was called the first complete guide to housekeeping in America (A Treatise on Domestic Economy, n.d.).

Source  https://ancestorsinaprons.com/2015/09/home-economics-education/

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1850 The Beecher Plan was Institutionalized

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1850 The Beecher Plan was Institutionalized

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-proposed by Catherine Beecher was integrated in the Milwaukee Downer College & Female Seminary, later on Milwaukee Normal Institute
-for educating women through the college level for professions
-focused on four professions most open to women: teaching, child care, nursing, and "conservation of the domestic state".

Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee-Downer_College#:~:text=%22The%20Beecher%20Plan%22%20focused%20on%20four%20professions%20most,and%20High%20School%2C%20and%20moved%20to%20new%20quarters.

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Government supported the vocational education programs by granting lands to schools.

Source http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/about.html#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20most%20influential%20early%20examples%20was,for%20young%20woman%2C%20although%20she%20opposed%20female%20

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Source: https://s.web.viu.ca/homeroom/content/topics/statutes/1872act.htm

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(as "household management" is the original literal sense of economy, the phrase is etymologically redundant)

Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/home#:~:text=Home%20economics%20as%20a%20school%20course%20first%20attested,in%20a%20sport%20or%20game%20is%20from%201778.

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1884: The First Cookbook of Home Economics

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1884: The First Cookbook of Home Economics

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The first book on home economics was Mrs. Welch's Cookbook, published in 1884 at Iowa State by Mary Beaumont Welch. Welch's classes on domestic economy were the first in the nation to give college credit on the subject.

Source:
https://populartimelines.com/timeline/Home-economics

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(Rumford Kitchen and the World’s Fair 1893, n.d.). It was here that Ellen Swallow Richards made the first attempts to educate people on scientific principles underlying nutrition.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1896 - 1941 Known as "Weathering the Storm" (Dezwart, p. 12, 1991)

It was called weathering the storm because home economics was trying to expand and meeting barriers to overcome at every step along the way.

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1899 Home economics as a school course first attested 

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1899 Home economics as a school course first attested 

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Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/home#:~:text=Home%20economics%20as%20a%20school%20course%20first%20attested,in%20a%20sport%20or%20game%20is%20from%201778.

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-These were a series of ten conferences between 1899-1909, where Home Economics emerged as a discipline (History of Home Economcs, n.d.). It was here that the leaders and advocates in the field discussed advances in home economics and developed the guiding principles of what home economics was and should be (Matthews, 1987).
- were an important factor in determining what exactly home economics was, is and will be (Vaines, 1981).
-Participants at the first Lake Placid Conference. Annie Dewey, Maria Daniell, Ellen Swallow Richards, Alice Peloubet Norton and Maria Parloa.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1903: Home Economics in BC & the Macdonald Institute

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1903: Home Economics in BC & the Macdonald Institute

# data[].attributes.body
-the First HE School in America
-allowing women to achieve degrees and show home economics worth.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1903 - First formal home economics classroom 

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1903 - First formal home economics classroom 

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1903 - First formal home economics classroom set up at Girls' Central School in Victoria, BC. Initiated by school board trustee, Margaret Jenkins, the domestic science classroom was the first in the province.

Source:
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/a-home-economics-history--y28opaD649j4XXoZWS8zqL6W

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

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Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture. Domestic science might have unexpectedly strengthened Filipino identity while influencing women to become modern homemakers.

source https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=3167

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922
Felice Prudente Santamaria Discipline: Philippine History
Abstract:

Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture. Domestic science might have unexpectedly strengthened Filipino identity while influencing women to become modern homemakers.

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manila history; home economics; public school curriculum; american teachers; homemakers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922 | KITE E-Learning Solutions, Inc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting.

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In January 1909, the American Home Economics Association was formed.  This name held until 1993 when a group of modern home economists met in Scottsdale, Arizona to chart the course for home economics in the new millennium.  Upon the recommendation of the Scottsdale  Conference, the name was changed to the Amercian Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.

Source:
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fellenswallowrichards.com%2Fhistory-home-economics%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3Htbrw8hd5KfQZHzcCG29gThwqWpbZGriQSDqgoVzRHcxTvslq0x5jqBA&h=AT10TdhjyKBXZjKChZ5dwz1hUIvPaZO9dBab5SDJtCMI_Z5iIiVLAWJsJnxAHnT1m4CzZ19HdRvkR9oysCKSH0OaBcat500r_YZzpmhw-TZhjy2Wrf07q5Boy5KSUVLZv_XhDQ

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The history of Home Economics can be traced well over 150 years ago. One of the first to champion the economics of running a home was Catherine Beecher. (sister to Harriet Beecher Stowe) Catherine and Harriet both were leaders in the mid 1800s in talking about domestic science. They came from a very religious family that valued education especially for women.

The Morrill act of 1862 propelled domestic science further ahead as land grant colleges sought to educate farm wives in running their households as their husbands were being educated in agricultural methods and processes. Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota and Michigan were early leaders in offering programs for women. There were women graduates of these institutions several years before the Lake Placid Conferences which gave birth to home economics movement.

Up until the first Lake Placid Conference in 1889, much of the work in domestic sciences had not been documented. There were activities in the east surrounding the New England Kitchen and nutrition for the masses. Ellen Swallow Richards was instrumental in having her very own space at the World's Fair in 1893 called the RUMFORD KITCHEN. This was after she refused to particpate in the demonstration kitchen in the Women's Building. She said nutrition was not women's work, but information for all.

Ellen and her contemporaries met at Lake Placid and other places over the next 10 years, each year exploring the latest in advances in the profession. Their goal was to form an education and scientific association as a necesary component in formalizing the profession.

In January 1909, the American Home Economics Association was formed. This name held until 1993 when a group of modern home economists met in Scottsdale, Arizona to chart the course for home economics in the new millennium. Upon the recommendation of the Scottsdale Conference, the name was changed to the Amercian Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.

Long before the Scottsdale meeting, many colleges and universities had changed their names to such titles as Human Sciences, Human Ecology, Consumer and Family Sciences just to name a few. The new names sought to better position the profession within the academic communities and to further illustrate the actual majors in the profession. While this naming benefited many in the higher educational arena, the failure to have just one name continued to errode the focus of the profession and fragmented any brand recognition for the profession.

Today, 100 years after the founding of the professional organization, family and consumer sciences professionals continue to practice in many venues including secondary teaching, college and university teaching and research and outreach through cooperative extension programs. Many practice in the human services areas working with children and elderly and all in between. Nutritionists, consumer specialists and housing and textiles specialists continue to provide for a better quality of life for individuals, famlilies and communities.

While there are some who hold the position that the profession has strayed far afield from the original founders' intentions, the case can be made that in many cases khuyến mãi fun 88, these professionals are right on target with the founders' dreams. There is still much to be accomplished with nutrition and obesity issues, with elder care and gerontology in general, with living green issues and always work to be accomplished to improve people's daily lives.

The next 100 years will challenge the best and the brightest in the profession to continue a leadership legacy that was begun over a century ago. Young students in colleges and universities are stepping up in remarkable ways to continue a legacy that lives today.

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The history of Home Economics can be traced well over 150 years ago. One of the first to champion the economics of running a home was Catherine Beecher. (sister to Harriet Beecher Stowe) Catherine and Harriet both were leaders in the mid 1800s in talking about domestic science.

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1910: Founding of the American Home Economics Association

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1910: Founding of the American Home Economics Association

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- first HE organization in America
-in 1993 to American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (History of Home Economics, n.d.).
-Ellen Swallow Richards was elected the first president of the AHEA
- other organization then springed forth after in support for the HE 1911: Manitoba Home Economics Association
- 1939: Canadian Home Economics Association
- 1975: British Columbia Home Economics Association

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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My main point,the family and community states all its importance of economics improvement.The also make their own home ecomics growth.

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1911:Manitoba  Home Economics Association

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1911:Manitoba  Home Economics Association

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New Brunswick Home Economics Association:1918(NBHEA history,2016)
https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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The Smith- Lever Act of 1914 and the Smith -Hughes Act of 1917

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The Smith- Lever Act of 1914 and the Smith -Hughes Act of 1917

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Create federal funds for " vocational education agriculture, trades and industry and homemaking" and created the Office of Home Economics. With this funding, the United States was able to create more homemaking educational courses all across the country.  Historically, the purpose of these courses was to professionalize housework, to provide intellectual fulfillment for women, and to emphasize the value of "women's work" in society and to prepare them for the traditional roles of sexes.

Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org

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-The also had the hard reality of food rations, so many women started to tend their own gardens, as well as work the farm to plant, harvest and care for livestock in order to feed the local population (Canada remembers women on the home front, 2015).
- During this time, home economics students worked to help the war by sewing more than 2000 articles of clothing for the men in the trenches, and teachers taught students how to substitute ingredients in recipes for those which were being rationed (Vancouver Courier, 2008).

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g
Image Source  https://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1914-1920/2-homefront/1-propaganda/Poster-Helping_Hoover_In_Our_US_School_Garden.jpg

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In 1917, the Smith-Hughes Act mandated an emphasis on and provided funding for occupational preparation in home economics classes. The study of home economics aimed to  “prepare student[s] for effective discharge of duties within the home and give scientific preparation for efficient administration of household affairs” (Calvin 1).

Source: https://sites.middlebury.edu/homeec/history-of-home-economics/

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1920: Girls from grades 5 to 7 were required to perform 80 minutes of home economics-related activities everyday

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1920: Girls from grades 5 to 7 were required to perform 80 minutes of home economics-related activities everyday

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- they are tasked to spend 80 minutes of their time everyday to do activities which are related to home economics.

- home economics activities  includes cooking, sewing, housekeeping, sanitation,  home nursing,  infant care, tool selection, embroidery, and lacemaking.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-saint-anthony/teacher-education/introduction-to-home-economics/12217392

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Home Economics Education in the 1920's and 1930's

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Home Economics Education in the 1920's and 1930's

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The fact Miss Anderson had only an electric hotplate to teach on in 1925 was not entirely unreasonable. In their homes, these girls may still have been cooking on wood stoves,  and using an ice house dug into the side of a hill to store perishables. Although ice boxes with delivery of ice would be widely used in urban areas, home refrigerators had only been introduced in 1914. There were no small electrical appliances. The first stand electric mixers were introduced in 1919. Even the simple toaster did not come along until 1926, and electric stoves were not popular until around 1930. And that did not matter to these farm families, because before the federal  Rural Electrification Administration (REA) in the 1930s, they had no electricity anyway.

https://ancestorsinaprons.com/2015/09/home-economics-education/

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Even a School for the blind helps to knit items to send to the men in battle.

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1921:Compulsory school attendance was raised to 15 increasing the student base, but not necessarily the attendance as families claimed they needed their children to assist with child care and manpower.

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1921:Compulsory school attendance was raised to 15 increasing the student base, but not necessarily the attendance as families claimed they needed their children to assist with child care and manpower.

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Source:
(http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/11F0019MIE/11F0019MIE2005251.pdf).
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g/embed

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1939 - Canadian Home Economics Association (CHEA) founded

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1939 - Canadian Home Economics Association (CHEA) founded

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-Jessie McLenaghen acted as first president of the CHEA
-The CHEA's mission statement reflects its importance to the success of the field:

“The mission of the Canadian Home Economics Foundation is to provide improved quality of life to families and individuals in Canada by providing financial assistance to home economists in carrying out home economics research, developing educational tools, and in conducting public service projects, and to support post-secondary education related to the home economics profession.” (Canadian Home Economics Foundation, 2016)

Source: https://www.sutori.com/en/story/a-home-economics-history--y28opaD649j4XXoZWS8zqL6W

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The 1940's:Child studies, human relationships and development become more a part of Home Economics (Peterat, 1995). 

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The 1940's:Child studies, human relationships and development become more a part of Home Economics (Peterat, 1995). 

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- This shows the growing trend of Home Economics responding to society’s needs. It is not limited to sewing and cooking. It is taking a stronger role in development of the person as a whole.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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- much like WW1.
- economics teachers continued to teach domestic skills and have students help with the war aid.
-Homemakers were called upon to ration, prevent waste and save materials that could be reused in war production (Canadian women and the second world war, n.d.).
- As the war drew to a close, women were forced back into traditional roles, however the survival of images like Rosie the Riveter helped to inspire women to push for their rights and launch a wave of feminism (Canadian women and the second world war, n.d.).

Source  https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1941-HOME ECONOMICS AS REQUIRED SUBJECT FOR GIRLS

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1941-HOME ECONOMICS AS REQUIRED SUBJECT FOR GIRLS

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Home economics became a requirement for every secondary grade females for at least one year before graduation it includes the subject nutrition and child care . To be a teacher of this program it needs to be a graduate of Philippine Normal School or the equivalent of 3 years study beyond secondary level.

Reference:  Jumalon, E. K. (2019, March 19). What is Home Economics all about? Erielkate’s Blog.

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- The MacDonald Institute (mentioned in 1903) offers a 4 year degree program in Home Economics (Canadian Encyclopedia, 2006).
-The first students graduated in 1952 and by the mid-50’s Guelph’s MacDonald Institute was the known as the premier home economics school in North America.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1951: School of Home Economics at University of British Council (UBC)

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1951: School of Home Economics at University of British Council (UBC)

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- In 1951, the status of the program changed as it became the School of Home Economics, part of the Faculty of Arts and Science.”

- School of Family and Nutritional Sciences

Source
https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g
Image source
https://regionweek.com/university-of-british-columbia-canada-is-offering-scholarships-2019-2020-for-sub-saharan-countries/

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Sweeping Out Home Economics: Curriculum Reform at Connecticut College for Women, 1952–1962 

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Sweeping Out Home Economics: Curriculum Reform at Connecticut College for Women, 1952–1962 

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Extract

At the moment of its founding in 1911, Connecticut College for Women exhibited a curricular tension between an emphasis on the liberal arts, which mirrored the elite men's and women's colleges of the day, and vocational aspects, which made it a different type of women's college, one designed to prepare women for the kind of lives they would lead in twentieth-century America. Connecticut was a women's college that simultaneously embraced the established brand of education practiced by its prestigious Seven Sister neighbors and forged its own path by integrating elements of home economics, municipal housekeeping, and professional/clerical training into its academic program. For forty years Connecticut College for Women achieved a balance between those two opposing poles of its curriculum.

SOURCE: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/abs/sweeping-out-home-economics-curriculum-reform-at-connecticut-college-for-women-19521962/82BAC8B4F50B41174AECE1F7520125B2

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Park served as Connecticut's acting president in 1946-1947. Her official inauguration took place on 17 May 1947. Noyes, History of Connecticut College. See also Sullivan, "Rosemary Park." See also "Dr. Rosemary Park Excited Over 50th Anniversary of Connecticut College," New Haven Register, 15 January 1961; Frances Green, "Charming Scholar, Efficient Administrator Is Rosemary Park," Worcester Sunday Telegram, 20 May 1962.

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Sweeping Out Home Economics: Curriculum Reform at Connecticut College for Women, 1952-1962 | History of Education Quarterly | Cambridge Core

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Park served as Connecticut's acting president in 1946-1947. Her official inauguration took place on 17 May 1947. Noyes, History of Connecticut College. See also Sullivan, "Rosemary Park." See also "Dr. Rosemary Park Excited Over 50th Anniversary of Connecticut College," New Haven Register, 15 January 1961; Frances Green, "Charming Scholar, Efficient Administrator Is Rosemary Park," Worcester Sunday Telegram, 20 May 1962.

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In a new book on the history of home economics, author  Danielle Dreilinge writes about how the profession created a " back door" for women in science, business, and engineering.

Source: https://www.marketplace.org/2021/05/06/everything-you-know-about-home-economics-is-wrong/

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-Margaret McCready addresses the issue of educating men and boys in home economics in a review of the MacDonald Institute (Peterat & De Zwart, 1995).

-This was the initial view, that boys should partake in Home Economies courses so that they would appreciate the hard work that the women in their lives contributed to the household (Peterat, 1995).

Source
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1960-1970: The Pill With the introduction of the birth control pill in the early ‘60’s women gained more control of their lives. Specifically, they were no longer bearing and then caring for large families except by choice. Women had more time for careers. The feminist movement gained a stronger foothold and began to grow. With feminism came the fight for equality. Equality was not just for women but also males. This was a great time of change in gender norms as boys began entering the Home Economics classrooms. Before this time Home Economics studies were seen as education for women. This was an effort to help balance sex in  both course enrollment and curriculum materials (Eyre, 1989).

# data[].attributes.subject
1960-1970: The Pill With the introduction of the birth control pill in the early ‘60’s women gained more control of their lives. Specifically, they were no longer bearing and then caring for large families except by choice. Women had more time for careers. The feminist movement gained a stronger foothold and began to grow. With feminism came the fight for equality. Equality was not just for women but also males. This was a great time of change in gender norms as boys began entering the Home Economics classrooms. Before this time Home Economics studies were seen as education for women. This was an effort to help balance sex in  both course enrollment and curriculum materials (Eyre, 1989).

# data[].attributes.body
Source:
https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g
Your search & this result

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-promotes equal education of Home Economics for both boys and girls

Source https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/JcM_naUYzAIdlAGzGWOFfEDL1MINyAmopbvexKQyiaX9C7rxdRtkW_uZDF5amt9drrpUZ3U7uPXAZLi_wOKkhAexfsquilTAvMWN2tnrcjg__yhtQzR2JrmIX16n6P7PTVAvYA=s0-d

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1968: Changing Mission of Home Economics

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1968: Changing Mission of Home Economics

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-  This publication is significant because after a thorough study the results showed that more attention and more money needed to be directed to the Home Economics programs.

Source https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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1971: Robin Morgan attacks American Home Economics Association

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1971: Robin Morgan attacks American Home Economics Association

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Self-proclaimed radical feminist Robin Morgan verbally attacks those assembled at the American Home Economics Association (AHEA) Convention for perpetuating traditional roles of women (East, 1980).
Women were divided. Being a feminist is at odds with supporting home economics education. During this transitional women sought a new identity that became more that a housewife.

Source:
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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Home economics are known in Indonesia as Family Training and Welfare (Indonesian: Pembinaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK). It is rooted on a 1957 conference on home economics held in Bogor; it became state policy in 1972.

Source:
https://populartimelines.com/timeline/Home-economics?fbclid=IwAR2wvJGXkys5cgIb7uE1VcdBuLPsNosq_i3GKR7BzQX6YGlIsNqIi-FkGSM

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1975: British Columbia Home Economics Association

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1975: British Columbia Home Economics Association

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The British Columbia Home Economist Association was formed in 1975. Still functioning today as Teachers of Home Economics Specialty Association (THESA), it works to provide support, professional development to promoting its areas of  studies. “Our classes don’t just focus on cooking and sewing, but seek to explore deeper global and environmental issues, nutrition, biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, and many other topics” (Teachers of Home Economics).

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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-Teachers were challenged  to provide for such a diversity of learners including FASD, ADHD, Autism and spectrum disorder.
- H.E become a subject area that will help students develop social and communication skills while gaining practical knowledge.(Working with Diverse Learners and School Staff in a Multicultural Society).

Source https://https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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Old English ham "dwelling place, house, abode, fixed residence; estate; village; region, country," from Proto-Germanic *haimaz "home" (source also of Old Frisian hem "home, village," Old Norse heimr "residence, world," heima "home," Danish hjem, Middle Dutch heem, German heim "home," Gothic haims "village"), from PIE *(t)koimo-, suffixed form of root *tkei- "to settle, dwell, be home." As an adjective from 1550s. The old Germanic sense of "village" is preserved in place names and in hamlet.

'Home' in the full range and feeling of [Modern English] home is a conception that belongs distinctively to the word home and some of its Gmc. cognates and is not covered by any single word in most of the IE languages. [Buck]

Slang phrase make (oneself) at home "become comfortable in a place one does not live" dates from 1892 (at home "at one's ease" is from 1510s). To keep the home fires burning is a song title from 1914. To be nothing to write home about "unremarkable" is from 1907. Home movie is from 1919; home computer is from 1967. Home stretch (1841) is from horse racing (see stretch (n.)). Home economics as a school course first attested 1899; the phrase itself by 1879 (as "household management" is the original literal sense of economy, the phrase is etymologically redundant).

Home as the goal in a sport or game is from 1778. Home base in baseball attested by 1856; home plate by 1867. Home team in sports is from 1869; home field "grounds belonging to the local team" is from 1802 (the 1800 citation in OED 2nd ed. print is a date typo, as it refers to baseball in Spokane Falls). Home-field advantage attested from 1955.

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home | Origin and meaning of home by Online Etymology Dictionary

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Old English ham "dwelling place, house, abode, fixed residence; estate; village; region, country," from Proto-Germanic *haimaz "home" (source also of Old Frisian hem "home, village," Old Norse heimr "residence, world," heima "home," Danish hjem, Middle Dutch heem, German heim "home," Gothic haims "village"), from PIE *(t)koimo-, suffixed form of root *tkei- "to settle, dwell, be home."

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Abstract
Nearly every economist has at some point in the standard coursework been exposed to a brief explanation that the origin of the word "economy" can be traced back to the Greek word oikonomia, which in turn is composed of two words: oikos, which is usually translated as "household"; and nemein, which is best translated as "management and dispensation." Thus, the cursory story usually goes, the term oikonomia referred to "household management", and while this was in some loose way linked to the idea of budgeting, it has little or no relevance to contemporary economics. This article introduces in more detail what the ancient Greek philosophers meant by "oikonomia." It begins with a short history of the word. It then explores some of the key elements of oikonomia, while offering some comparisons and contrasts with modern economic thought. For example, both Ancient Greek oikonomia and contemporary economics study human behavior as a relationship between ends and means which have alternative uses. However, while both approaches hold that the rationality of any economic action is dependent on the frugal use of means, contemporary economics is largely neutral between ends, while in ancient economic theory, an action is considered economically rational only when taken towards a praiseworthy end. Moreover, the ancient philosophers had a distinct view of what constituted such an end-specifically, acting as a philosopher or as an active participant in the life of the city-state.

Citation
Leshem, Dotan. 2016. "Retrospectives: What Did the Ancient Greeks Mean by Oikonomia?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, DOI: 10.1257/jep.30.1.225

Additional Materials

JEL Classification

B11 History of Economic Thought: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)

D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

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history of economic thought: preclassical (ancient

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Retrospectives: What Did the Ancient Greeks Mean by Oikonomia?

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Retrospectives: What Did the Ancient Greeks Mean by Oikonomia? by Dotan Leshem. Published in volume 30, issue 1, pages 225-38 of Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2016, Abstract: Nearly every economist has at some point in the standard coursework been exposed to a brief explanation that the o...

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-Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 till 1990 about 15 own schools and cooperated with further operators.
-40 wirtschaftliche Frauenschulen, rural economist women schools were connected to the Reifensteiner concept and movement and allowed higher education for women already in the German Kaiserreich.
-The 1913 doctorate of Johannes Kramer compared different concepts of home economic education worldwide and praised the system e.g. in Iowa.

Source:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_economics#:~:text=The%20Smith%2DLever%20Act%20of,courses%20all%20across%20the%20country.

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A training class 1985 at Wittgenstein Reifenstein schools

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A training class 1985 at Wittgenstein Reifenstein schools

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Home economics courses are offered around the world and across multiple educational levels. Historically, the purpose of these courses was to professionalize housework, to provide intellectual fulfillment for women, and to emphasize the value of "women's work" in society and to prepare them for the traditional roles of sexes.
[Source: Wikipedia]
Elias, Megan (January 2006). ""Model Mamas": The Domestic Partnership of Home Economics Pioneers Flora Rose and Martha Van Rensselaer". Journal of the History of Sexuality

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In 1993 American Home Economics Association was changed into American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.

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In 1993 American Home Economics Association was changed into American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.

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The new name, family and consumer sciences, was selected at a conference held in Scottsdale, Arizona, entitled Positioning the Profession for the 21st Century. Four of the five attending professional organizations adopted the name change in 1994.

Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/crafts-and-household-items/home-economics/home-economics

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1939: Canadian Home Economics Association

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1939: Canadian Home Economics Association

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The Canadian Home Economics Association (CHEA) was founded in 1939. Jessie McLenaghen was made the first president of CHEA (We are tomorrows past, 1989). It’s goal was to continue to advocate for home economics education across Canada, and to have closer cooperation between the various branches, making for a unified home economics (We are tomorrows past, 1989).

Source:
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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It was shown the shortage of Home Economics teachers. Teachers was very important because the numbers of classes was rising and it was confirmed by the BP Public School Employers Association (BCPSEA).
But it was not a shortage it was just a temporary surge of retirement of teachers.

https://www.sutori.com/story/home-economics-a-history--NMjrp3hST6MPZBDRBfhr8q5g

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The events that have been chosen for this timeline reflect the history of home economics in North America with a Canadian focus. Not only does it inquire into big events of home economics education, but also into the lives of those of home economics advocates and events that changed the world.

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An Act Allowing Home Economics Graduates to Teach Home Economics Subjects and Home Economics-Related Technical-Vocational Subjects in all Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Educational Institutions, Respectively, Consistent with Section 8 of Republic Act No. 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013

Source:
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/ra_11168_2019.html

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Third Regular Session
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-third day of July, two thousand eighteen. REPUBLIC ACT No. 11168 An Act Allowing Home Economics Graduates to Teach Home Economics Subjects and Home Economics-Related Technical-Vocational Subjects in All Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Educational Institutions, Respectively, Consistent with Section 8 of Republic Act No. 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress Assembled:
Section 1. It is the policy of the State, as enshrined in the "Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013", to allow graduates and specialists on specific fields that have limited licensed teacher applicants to teach in their specialized subjects for the basic education levels. The State recognizes the invaluable contribution that Filipino professionals and specialists, particularly degree holders of Home Economic, can make to the realization of a literate, skilled and productive citizenry.

Section 2. Notwithstanding the requirements set by the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Civil Service Commission (CSC), competent Home Economics graduates, as well as allied academic areas, shall be allowed to teach home economics subjects and home economics graduates, as well as allied academic areas, shall be allowed to teach home economics subjects in all public and private elementary and secondary educational institutions, respectively, and other duly recognized academic institutions. To this end, the DepEd and the CSC, in consultation with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), shall jointly formulate the appropriate standards and guidelines, to include academix requirements and competencies to assess the qualifications of Home Economics for the technical-vocational subjects.
1âwphi1
Graduates of Home Economics shall be required to obtain a National Certificate Level 1 (NC1) and National Certificate Level2 (NC2) from the TESDA before they can teach technical-vocational subjects in secondary educational institutions.

Section 3. Graduates of Home Economics shall be required to take the Licensure Examination for Teacher (LET) within five (5) years from the date of hiring. 1âwphi1 However, graduates who are willing to teach on part-time basis shall not be required to take the LET.

Section 4. Home Economics as a profession shall be represented in the Teacher Education Council (TEC).

Section 5. Within ninety (90) days after the effectivity of this Act, the DepEd Secretary, in consultation with the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Chairperson, the TESDA Director-General and Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) Chairperson, shall promulgate the necessary rules and regulations for the implementation of this Act.

Section 6. All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders, proclamations and/or administrative regulations which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby amended, modified, superseded or repealed accordingly.

Section 7. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the date of its publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

Approved,

VICENTE C. SOTTO III
President of the Senate

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
Speaker of the House of Representatives

This Act which originated in the House of Representatives was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on November 14, 2016 and October 10, 2018, respectively

MYRA MARIE D. VILLARICA
Secretary of the Senate

DANTE ROBERTO P. MALING
Acting Secretary General
House of Representatives

Approved: January 3, 2019

(Sgd.) RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
President of the Philippines

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

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Republic Acts - An Act Allowing Home Economics Graduates to Teach Home Economics Subjects and Home Economics-Related Technical-Vocational Subjects in All Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Educational Institutions, Respectively, Consistent with Section 8 of Republic Act No. 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013

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2020  Home Economics Education:
A Subject for Moral and Character Building in
Junior High School
Home economics, as an education subject, became the main option for junior high school students in Indonesia before the year 1960. The material is aimed at fostering morale and strengthening the character of learners. However, in 1997, home economics was replaced by a creating handcraft subject. This study aims at forming an academic argument for the reinstatement of home economics in Junior High School’s 2013 curriculum. Additionally, this study looks at the feasibility of the justification for ten values in home economics as book material for Junior high school. This case study involved 103 home economics teachers in Junior High School in Central Java.

Source:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Home-Economics-Education%3A-A-Subject-for-Moral-and-Kuswardinaha-Setyaningsihb/48f4eba28ad2ca58397d746cde9ce3d8ae7366e1

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Relational Negativity in kindergarten was related to academic and behavioral outcomes through eighth grade, particularly for children with high levels of behavior problems in kindergarten and for boys generally. Expand

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[PDF] Home Economics Education: A Subject for Moral and Character Building in Junior High School Students in Indonesia | Semantic Scholar

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Home economics, as an education subject, became the main option for junior high school students in Indonesia before the year 1960. The material is aimed at fostering morale and strengthening the character of learners. However, in 1997, home economics was replaced by a creating handcraft subject.

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Home Economics and its Importance to Students’ Futures
cookingclass

I strongly believe that home economics has an extremely important place in our educational system today. No other academic discipline incorporates in its curriculum as many pertinent life skills that will help students succeed independent of their chosen career paths. Referring back to past studies and my own personal beliefs, I hope to help the reader understand the benefits of receiving an education in home economics and how the knowledge obtained through this program will prove valuable throughout the lifespan.

In my opinion, the most important aspect of a home economics education is that students not only learn about subject matter that has relevance to their present lives, but will constantly be of use as they continue to grow. One area of home economics that is considered to be among the most essential is the emphasis on personal development, decision making and intrapersonal skills. According to a study done in Japan, students’ personal initiatives play an extremely large role in determining how they’ll react to their changing work situations (1). Those who lack the ability to make effective personal decisions are more at risk for experiencing hardships in the instabilities found in the real world. It was also found in the study that students do not feel they have the proper means to learn these valuable life skills at home (1). Taking courses in home economics at school allows students to acquire the necessary decision making, social, and communications skills deemed critical for occupational success.

In addition to the development of valuable intrapersonal skills, the home economics curriculum also introduces the students to a wide variety of potential career paths. Students become aware of all the career opportunities relating to each domain, as well as being taught the skills associated with them. Those who find themselves intrigued by course material may begin to consider an occupation in a related area. The home economics discipline has led individuals to the fields of education, nutrition, social service, and hospitality management, to name a few (8). It is hard to find a single subject taught in schools today that incorporates as many topics of interest as home economics, helping students to become more well-rounded individuals.

Consumer-related material covered in home economics courses is another area that provides students with information pertinent to their lives as adults. These programs help supply the students with an understanding on how economic, social, and cultural factors personally affect them and their behaviors in consumerism (5). While other academic courses may cover theoretical aspects personal finance, home economics gives a more practical, everyday application of the subject matter. However, there have been some criticisms to how useful learning about consumerism as adolescents actually is. Research on Finnish students showed that motivation to study consumerism in school was not particularly high, because they felt true consumerism started at adulthood (2). Despite the attitudes of this sample, I do believe children in home economics programs can benefit from learning purchasing practices at a young age. Because of its real-world applications, students may find these techniques conducive to their everyday lives.

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Home Economics and its Importance to Students’ Futures
cookingclass

I strongly believe that home economics has an extremely important place in our educational system today. No other academic discipline incorporates in its curriculum as many pertinent life skills that will help students succeed independent of their chosen career paths. Referring back to past studies and my own personal beliefs, I hope to help the reader understand the benefits of receiving an education in home economics and how the knowledge obtained through this program will prove valuable throughout the lifespan.

In my opinion, the most important aspect of a home economics education is that students not only learn about subject matter that has relevance to their present lives, but will constantly be of use as they continue to grow. One area of home economics that is considered to be among the most essential is the emphasis on personal development, decision making and intrapersonal skills. According to a study done in Japan, students’ personal initiatives play an extremely large role in determining how they’ll react to their changing work situations (1). Those who lack the ability to make effective personal decisions are more at risk for experiencing hardships in the instabilities found in the real world. It was also found in the study that students do not feel they have the proper means to learn these valuable life skills at home (1). Taking courses in home economics at school allows students to acquire the necessary decision making, social, and communications skills deemed critical for occupational success.

In addition to the development of valuable intrapersonal skills, the home economics curriculum also introduces the students to a wide variety of potential career paths. Students become aware of all the career opportunities relating to each domain, as well as being taught the skills associated with them. Those who find themselves intrigued by course material may begin to consider an occupation in a related area. The home economics discipline has led individuals to the fields of education, nutrition, social service, and hospitality management, to name a few (8). It is hard to find a single subject taught in schools today that incorporates as many topics of interest as home economics, helping students to become more well-rounded individuals.

Consumer-related material covered in home economics courses is another area that provides students with information pertinent to their lives as adults. These programs help supply the students with an understanding on how economic, social, and cultural factors personally affect them and their behaviors in consumerism (5). While other academic courses may cover theoretical aspects personal finance, home economics gives a more practical, everyday application of the subject matter. However, there have been some criticisms to how useful learning about consumerism as adolescents actually is. Research on Finnish students showed that motivation to study consumerism in school was not particularly high, because they felt true consumerism started at adulthood (2). Despite the attitudes of this sample, I do believe children in home economics programs can benefit from learning purchasing practices at a young age. Because of its real-world applications, students may find these techniques conducive to their everyday lives.

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2022: Building resilient homes & familiesThe pandemic has presented people’s everyday lives with unprecedented challenges. Now more than ever, home economics & consumer science education are fundamental for rebuilding resilient households and communities and achieving a sustainable future: As home economists, we bear witness of everyday needs at home and the direct lessons of the pandemic, the experience of shortages at stores, the challenges in child and elder care, the disruptions to finances, networks of support and everyday life. Home economists worldwide directly work with households and communities and are spearheading education on responsible resource management at home.  

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2022: Building resilient homes & familiesThe pandemic has presented people’s everyday lives with unprecedented challenges. Now more than ever, home economics & consumer science education are fundamental for rebuilding resilient households and communities and achieving a sustainable future: As home economists, we bear witness of everyday needs at home and the direct lessons of the pandemic, the experience of shortages at stores, the challenges in child and elder care, the disruptions to finances, networks of support and everyday life. Home economists worldwide directly work with households and communities and are spearheading education on responsible resource management at home.  

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Press conference of Sen. Sherwin  Gatchalian held on May 15, 2020. 

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Strengthen, not Remove: UP Diliman-College of Home Economics Response to the Statement of Senator Sherwin Gatchalian on the Temporary Removal of Home Economics in Schools.

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Strengthen, not Remove: UP Diliman-College of Home Economics Response to the Statement of Senator Sherwin Gatchalian on the Temporary Removal of Home Economics in Schools.

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The University of the Philippines – College of Home Economics strongly disputes the statement of Senator Sherwin Gatchalian, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Basic Education, Arts and Culture, to provisionally remove Home Economics (HE) and focus on “key subjects” like Math, Science, Reading, and English; when school begins in August.

According to UP Diliman - College of Home Economics, the HE subject must not be removed because it is an equally essential subject that teaches life skills that are beneficial to individuals, families, and the larger community, which now more than ever, is necessary due to the challenges brought about by the pandemic and community quarantine.

Source :

https://upd.edu.ph/strengthen-not-remove-university-of-the-philippines-college-of-home-economics-response-to-the-statement-of-senator-sherwin-gatchalian-on-the-temporary-removal-of-home-economics-in-schools-gma-ne/

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Is home economics still relevant in the 21st century?

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Is home economics still relevant in the 21st century?

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Many people see home economics as an antiquated field or an area exclusively for women without seeing its relevance and potential to change the world.
https://observatory.tec.mx › ho...
Web results
Is Home Economics Still Relevant in the 21st Century?

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Its historical origins place Home Economics in the context of the home and household, and this is extended in the 21st century to include the wider living environments as we better understand that the capacities, choices and priorities of individuals and families impact at all levels, ranging from the household, to the local and also the global (glocal) community.Home Economics professionals are advocates for individuals, families and communities.

https://www.bestlibrary.org/criticalhome/2010/09/download-ifhe_position_statement_2008-ifhe-position-statement-home-economics-in-the-21st-centuryprepared-by-the-think-tank.html

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Examined how the focus at home economics swung back and forth between being a method for women to obtain scientific education to vocational training for future wives and mothers.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_Home_Economics

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Home economics didnt become a movement in our country until Ellen Swallow Richards brought itvtobthe forfront. She was the first women to attend the Massachosetts Institute of technology and become the first female instructor.

https://www.lakeplacidhistory.com/home-economics-history/

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Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking.
Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture.

Source: https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=3167

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922
Felice Prudente Santamaria Discipline: Philippine History
Abstract:

Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture. Domestic science might have unexpectedly strengthened Filipino identity while influencing women to become modern homemakers.

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manila history; home economics; public school curriculum; american teachers; homemakers

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922 | KITE E-Learning Solutions, Inc.

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

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Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting.

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

# data[].attributes.body
Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture.

Source: https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=3167

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922
Felice Prudente Santamaria Discipline: Philippine History
Abstract:

Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting. Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from native preferences to Americanized savors. As teaching strategies appropriate to the Filipina were shaped, textbooks with recipes of native foods, both those for everyday and those for special occasion, were disseminated across the archipelago. Cuisine is a valuable component of culture. Domestic science might have unexpectedly strengthened Filipino identity while influencing women to become modern homemakers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
manila history; home economics; public school curriculum; american teachers; homemakers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922 | KITE E-Learning Solutions, Inc.

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Table Wars: Home Economics Becomes an Accidental Advocate for Philippine Culture, 1904-1922

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home Economics, a relatively new academic discipline when it was introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904, was supposed to teach the practical application of science to homemaking. Pioneering American teachers, recognizing the unique influence Filipinas had in society sought to direct that female power particularly in the family setting.

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As of February 2019, the civil war in the Philippines consists of an insurgency pitting government forces against Maoist insurgents, which began in 1969 during Ferdinand Marcos' regime. The Moro people's motivations are based on a desire for more economic, political, and cultural power. Since the ethnic groups have expressed willingness to accept an accord short of full independence and the Filipino government is dedicated to obtaining a peace agreement, a full-fledged ethnic war is improbable.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines

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Source: BTLEd HE Year 1 students presentation A.Y. 2020-2021 First Sem.

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Correction, it was not Nebraska who became the superintendent, but Elvessa Ann Stewart.