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While wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods,  many numbers of poor struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums.

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They packed into tiny rooms in tenements.

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The tenements had no running water, only community pumps.

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There was no sewage or sanitation system, so wastes and garbage rotted in the streets.

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Sewage was also dumped into rivers, which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water. This led to the spread of diseases such as cholera.

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Middle class families lived in well furnished, spacious homes on paved streets and had a ready supply of water.

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Women of the middle class did not leave the home to work but instead focused their energy to raise their children.

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Some people of the middle class were inventors and invented some technology.

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Some were merchants who invested their growing profits in factories.

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A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior. Rules dictated how to dress for every occasion, how to give a dinner party, how to pay a social call, when to write letters, and how long to mourn for dead relatives.