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obfuscation(n)
Defination:to deliberately make something unclear or difficult to understand.
Sentences in the pragraph:Today the group is sending the Food and Drug Administration a 158-page report that documents some of the most egregious examples of false claims, ingredient obfuscations, and other labeling shenanigans.

My sentence:Politicians have once again obfuscated the issue.

shenanigans (n)
Defination: bad behavior that is not very serious.

Sentences in the pragraph: Today the group is sending the Food and Drug Administration a 158-page report that documents some of the most egregious examples of false claims, ingredient obfuscations, and other labeling shenanigans.

My sentence:She wouldn't put up with shenanigans with Angela Brickell.

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Many famous big companies mislead their consumers by enlarging the effect of their products, so they will lose stable consumers that always purchase their products.

1 CSPI tells federal governments to stop this.
2 They claims that it benefits the immune system, but actually it does not do so.
3 CSPI want consumers can purchase wisely and make rational purchase.

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Vocabulary:

-fortify (v)

Definition:

Make strong or stronger.

Original Sentence:

That's the implication on the label of a Minute Maid orange juice fortified with glucosamine hydrochloride "designed to help protect healthy joints.”

My sentence:

With the enemy approaching, they worked to fortify their defense.

-egregious (adj)

Definition:

Conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible

Original Sentence:

Today the group is sending the Food and Drug Administration a 158-page report that documents some of the most egregious examples of false claims, ingredient obfuscations, and other labeling shenanigans.

My Sentence:

It was the most egregious act the government has ever perpetrated.

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Response to the article:

This article makes me very disappointed about the food industry, and the food companies, won’t they be worry about themselves eat something unnatural and unhealthy things, too? If they do, then why do this to customers? Also, absorbing some of the ingredients would have serious health problems? That scares me.

1.The CSPI wants the federal government to stop the misleading health claims.

2.Breakfast mislead consumers by claiming their antioxidants “help support the immune system,” but actually, serious deficiencies in vitamins A, C, and E and other antioxidants can lead to serious health problems.

3.The CSPI wants the consumers could see honest labeling so they can spend their food dollars wisely and avoid diet-related disease.

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Summary:
The false and misleading food labeling should be crackdown. Consumers need honest labeling.
Questions:
1.What does CSPI want to do about the misleading labeling?
2.How did Breakfast mislead consumers?
3. Why does CSPI want to crackdown the misleading food labeling?

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FDA Crackdown On False And Misleading Food Labeling

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FDA Crackdown On False And Misleading Food Labeling

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WASHINGTON-Can orange juice really help prevent or treat arthritis? That's the implication on the label of a Minute Maid orange juice fortified with glucosamine hydrochloride "designed to help protect healthy joints." And it's exactly the kind of misleading health claim that the Center for Science in the Public Interest wants the federal government to stop. Today the group is sending the Food and Drug Administration a 158-page report that documents some of the most egregious examples of false claims, ingredient obfuscations, and other labeling shenanigans.

Though under the Obama Administration the FDA is sending more warning letters to food manufacturers about misleading labeling, many major companies, including Coca-Cola, Kellogg, Kraft, General Mills, and Nestlé, continue to confuse or defraud consumers about the health effects, ingredients, or "natural"-ness of their products. Some notable offenders include:

Kellogg: On labels for Smart Start Strawberry Oat Bites cereal, the company deliberately misreads a report from the Institute of Medicine to claim, falsely, that consumers can eat 125 grams-more than half a cup-of added sugars per day. CSPI says FDA should establish a Daily Value for added sugars, require its disclosure on Nutrition Facts panels, and provide definitions for terms such as "low sugar."

Nestlé: Labels for the company's Carnation Instant Breakfast misleadingly claim that its antioxidants "help support the immune system." While it is true that serious deficiencies in vitamins A, C, and E and other antioxidants can lead to serious health problems, consuming this or other products that make this common claim won't help ward off colds, the flu, or other maladies.

Kashi: A Kellogg-owned brand, Kashi falsely claims that the green tea in its Heart to Heart Instant Oatmeal will "support healthy arteries." The FDA does have a so-called qualified health claim for green tea that relates to cancer but has not agreed that green tea can protect arteries or fend off heart disease.

Glacéau: The Coca-Cola-owned product bears a confusing double-column Nutrition Facts label that gives the impression that a 20-ounce bottle of VitaminWater contains multiple servings. Yet the company knows full well that the product is typically consumed by one person on a single occasion, delivering 125 calories, not the 50 in a "serving." CSPI says the dual-column format should be barred.

Edy's: Labels for Dibs Bite Sized Snacks boast "0g trans fat!"-giving the impression that the product is heart-healthy. Yet a serving of this ice cream snack has 16 grams of saturated fat-80 percent of the daily value. CSPI says the FDA should prohibit companies from boasting of "0 grams trans" on foods with more than 1 gram of saturated fat per serving. FDA already has similar limits on "cholesterol free" and "healthy" claims.

Thomas': Labels for Thomas' Hearty Grains English Muffins claim that the food is "made with the goodness of whole grain" and "made with whole grains." Yet the primary ingredient is "unbleached enriched wheat flour," meaning white flour. The product has more water than whole wheat flour, which is the third ingredient.

Gerber: Labels for Gerber Graduates Juice Treats -a product intended for pre-schoolers-picture an abundance of fruit: oranges, grapes, peaches, cherries, pineapple, and raspberries. Yet there is no cherry, orange, or pineapple in the product, and less than 2 percent is raspberry and apple juice concentrate. The main ingredients are corn syrup and sugar, providing 17 grams-or about four teaspoons-of refined sugars per serving.

Minute Maid: The words "all natural" appear on Minute Maid's Cranberry Apple Cocktail. Yet the product contains added citric acid-meaning citric acid that didn't occur naturally in the juice. FDA has long held that adding citric acid disqualifies a company from claiming the food is all natural. This product also contains high-fructose corn syrup-the end result of a highly complex series of chemical changes whereby corn starch is converted to glucose and fructose. FDA should disallow "all natural" claims on food that contain HFCS, according to CSPI.

"For far too long, some of the world's biggest food manufacturers have designed their labels either to exaggerate the amount of healthy ingredients, or to imply that the food has magical, drug-like qualities that could prevent or treat various health problems," said CSPI legal affairs director Bruce Silverglade. "The Bush Administration gave manufacturers more and more license to deceive. But the party's over-or at least it should be."

In May, the FDA instructed General Mills to drop exaggerated heart disease and cancer claims on labels and its web site for its Cheerios cereal. And in October, FDA expressed concern over the industry-wide Smart Choices front-of-packaging labeling program. Both moves were praised by CSPI and were seen as a sign that the agency will more aggressively police food labeling.

CSPI wants the agency to prohibit qualified health claims for foods. Unlike "health claims," which must meet a "significant scientific agreement" standard, qualified health claims include disclaimers explaining that the scientific evidence is uncertain. CSPI also wants the FDA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to prohibit misleading "structure/function" claims that a given food will "support" or "maintain" healthy immune systems, joints, vision, and so on. Consumers simply can't distinguish between stringently regulated health claims, which require FDA approval, and structure/function claims, which don't, according to CSPI.

"Consumers need honest labeling so they can spend their food dollars wisely and avoid diet-related disease," said CSPI senior staff attorney Ilene Ringel Heller, co-author of the report. "Companies should market their foods without resorting to the deceit and dishonesty that's so common today. And, if they don't, the FDA should make them."

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CSPI Urges FDA Crackdown on False & Misleading Food Labeling

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WASHINGTON-Can orange juice really help prevent or treat arthritis? That's the implication on the label of a Minute Maid orange juice fortified with glucosamine hydrochloride "designed to help protect healthy joints." And it's exactly the kind of misleading health claim that the Center for Science in the Public Interest wants the federal government to stop.

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1.provision (n)

Definition:

the activity of supplying or providing something.

Original Sentence:

The provisions in the House of Representatives’ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which are not included in a separate tax Senate tax bill, would count graduate and professional students’ waived tuition as income, allowing it to be taxed.

My Sentence:

One convenient arrangement is the provision of letter-boxes on electric tramcars in some cities.

2.prohibitively (adv)

Definition:

To a prohibitive degree.

prohibitive (adj) : tending to discourage (especially of prices)

Original Sentence:

The [provisions] would make it prohibitively more expensive for people to get into higher education, even more so than it is now.

My Sentence:

The cost of eating out at an upscale restaurant is prohibitively high for the majority.

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Summary:
Five USC graduate students have organized a national walkout to protest provisions that would affect higher education in the Republican-sponsored tax reform bill.

Questions:

1. What is this protest against?

2. How will this tax bill affect us as undergraduate students?

3. Do you agree, disagree, or have no opinion that graduate and professional students’ waived tuition should be count as income, allowing it to be taxed? Why?

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Graduate students organize national walkout

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Graduate students organize national walkout

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Five USC graduate students have organized a national walkout on Wednesday to protest provisions that would affect higher education in the Republican-sponsored tax reform bill.

Over 50 campuses across 32 states have registered to walk in the Grad Tax Walkout at the time of publication, including Columbia University, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania and UC Berkeley.

The provisions in the House of Representatives' Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which are not included in a separate tax Senate tax bill, would count graduate and professional students' waived tuition as income, allowing it to be taxed. Currently, many graduate students receive free tuition as part of their program, along with stipends they receive for serving as teaching assistants. If the current tax reform bill passes the Senate, both bills will go to conference, where provisions will be negotiated for the final bill.

"The [provisions] would make it prohibitively more expensive for people to get into higher education, even more so than it is now," said Hannah Khoddam, a national organizer of the walkout. "I think a lot of people don't really know what graduate students do, especially as it relates to other parts of society ... For this movement, we wanted to draw attention to what graduate students offer beyond sitting in a room and taking classes."

The bill would affect their professional training," Khoddam said."Graduate students, work in labs, teach undergraduate students and provide external care in various medical centers."

Khoddam and her fellow organizers, Nina Jhaveri, Marie Gillespie, Hannah Rasmussen and Miriam Rubenson, are all clinical psychology students pursuing a doctorate degree.

The five discussed the possibility of movement after a faculty clinical science meeting on Nov. 15, where concerns about the tax bill were raised. The idea evolved into a national walkout event, after they connected with experienced organizers from March for Science and Save Grad Ed, a group of six universities across the East Coast and Midwest region, according to Jhaveri.

"There are a vast number of students across a vast number of universities who are against this tax bill," Jhaveri said. "Graduate students are the bedrock of innovation, of research, of technology, of the economy. And if [the tax bill affects] graduate students and future researchers in this manner, it's threatening the very economy of the country."

In addition to taxing tuition waivers, the bill also targets $5,250 of tax-free income faculty, undergraduates and graduate students receive. Students' loan interest deduction is also at risk for repeal.

Although mainly graduate students have been vocal against the bill, it still holds implications for undergraduate students, according to David Schwartz, an associate professor of psychology.

"It's not just graduate tuition that's going to be taxed, but it's also going to be interest on student loans," Schwartz said. "So, an undergraduate [student] to get out of the University of Southern California with loans will now be paying tax on the interest."

Rubenson, the local organizer of the walkout, hopes undergraduate students and staff will participate alongside graduate students.

"We want to call our senators, in California and for people who are out of state, call their home state senators, [to] get them to vote no on this tax bill," Rubenson said.

In addition to the walkout, students will also be phone banking to key legislators.

"This isn't a walkout to protest our administration, it's a protest with our administration against this tax reform bill," Gillespie said.

Both Rubenson and Gillespie expressed their gratitude for the support of the clinical psychology department and the USC administration. Despite University provisions that require student protests to be registered five weeks in advance, Rubenson said USC has supported their right to demonstrate.

The Office of the Provost has previously issued a letter stating its support for graduate students and emphasizing USC's advocacy efforts as Congress debates tax reform.

"We are working in Washington, D.C. every day - along with other higher ed organizations - urging lawmakers to support our hard-working graduate students, staff, and families," USC Provost Michael Quick said, in an email to the Daily Trojan. "We unequivocally back continued investment in American education as a highly-educated and highly-skilled workforce is critical for a better future for our country and for the world. Regardless of the outcome of this process, we will continue to support students and staff from all backgrounds and work to make educational opportunity as accessible as possible."

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Graduate students organize national walkout | Daily Trojan

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Five USC graduate students have organized a national walkout on Wednesday to protest provisions that would affect higher education in the Republican-sponsored tax reform bill. Over 50 campuses across 32 states have registered to walk in the Grad Tax Walkout at the time of publication, including Columbia University, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania and UC Berkeley.

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1.He insisted that machines can not apply the laws.
2.They argue that any weapons system that delegates the decision on an individual strike to an algorithm is by definition illegal, because computers cannot be held accountable under international humanitarian law.
3. Artificial intelligence

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1.legislate(v)
Definition:

make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation

Original Sentence:

It would be very easy to just legislate a ban but I think ... rushing ahead in a very complex subject is not wise
My sentence:
We can not legislate people how they spend their money.

2.despot(n)
Definition:

dominance through threat of punishment and violence

Original Sentence:

weapons that despots and terrorists use against innocent populations, and weapons hacked to behave in undesirable ways."
My Sentence:
A despot is a ruler which has a lot of power.

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1.Delegate (v)
Definition:
transfer power to someone

Original Sentence:
They argue that any weapons system that delegates the decision on an individual strike to an algorithm is by definition illegal.

My sentence:
Although he wasn't able to vote in person, he was still able to delegate  this power to someone else.

2. Mandate (n)
Definition:
give an assignment to (a person) to a post, or assign a task to (a person); assign authority to

Original Sentence:
The International Committee of the Red Cross, which is mandated to safeguard the laws of conflict, has not called for a ban.

My sentence:
Freshmen are largely mandated to stay on-campus.

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1. Where is Neil Davison in the article?
2.Proponents of a ban insist that human beings must ultimately be responsible for the final decision to kill or destroy, and any weapons system that delegates the decision on an individual strike to an algorithm is by definition illegal, because computers cannot be held accountable under international humanitarian law.
3.Next week's U.N. meeting will discuss about artificial intelligence.

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1 UK sets a talk on use of autonomous robots as weapons.

2
What's the opinion of Neil Davison in the talk?

Why do the proponents of a ban group still insist their ground?

What will be the next week's U.N. meeting discussion topics?

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1 Disarmament

when a country reduces the number of weapons it has, or the size of its army, navy etc

Original Sentence: A U.N. disarmament grouping known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) will on Monday begin five days of talks on the issue in Geneva.

My sentence: Nuclear disarmament had begun to be a popular political issue.

1 algorithm
Definition:a set of instructions that are followed in a fixed order and used for solving a mathematical problem, making a computer program etc

Original Sentence:
They argue that any weapons system that delegates the decision on an individual strike to an algorithm is by definition illegal, because computers cannot be held accountable under international humanitarian law.
My sentence:
To see how this arises in detail supposed we have such an algorithm that is sometimes effective.

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The United Nations is set to host talks on the use of autonomous weapons, but those hoping for a ban on the machines dubbed "killer robots" will be disappointed, the ambassador leading the discussions said Friday.

More than 100 artificial intelligence entrepreneurs led by Tesla's Elon Musk in August urged the U.N. to enforce a global ban on fully automated weapons, echoing calls from activists who have warned the machines will put civilians at enormous risk.

A U.N. disarmament grouping known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) will on Monday begin five days of talks on the issue in Geneva.

But anything resembling a ban, or even a treaty, remains far off, said the Indian ambassador on disarmament, Amandeep Gill, who is chairing the meeting.

"It would be very easy to just legislate a ban but I think ... rushing ahead in a very complex subject is not wise," he told reporters. "We are just at the starting line."

He said the discussion, which will also include civil society and technology companies, will be partly focused on understanding the types of weapons in the pipeline.

Proponents of a ban, including the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots pressure group, insist that human beings must ultimately be responsible for the final decision to kill or destroy.

They argue that any weapons system that delegates the decision on an individual strike to an algorithm is by definition illegal, because computers cannot be held accountable under international humanitarian law.

Gill said there was agreement that "human beings have to remain responsible for decisions that involve life and death."

But, he added, there are varying opinions on the mechanics through which "human control" must govern deadly weapons.
Machines 'can't apply the law'
The International Committee of the Red Cross, which is mandated to safeguard the laws of conflict, has not called for a ban, but has underscored the need to place limits on autonomous weapons.

"Our bottom line is that machines can't apply the law and you can't transfer responsibility for legal decisions to machines," Neil Davison of the ICRC's arms unit told AFP.

He highlighted the problematic nature of weapons that involve major variables in terms of the timing or location of an attack - for example, something that is deployed for multiple hours and programmed to strike whenever it detects an enemy target.

"Where you have a degree of unpredictability or uncertainty in what's going to happen when you activate this weapons system, then you are going to start to have problems for legal compliance," he said.
Flawed meeting?
Next week's U.N. meeting will also feature wide-ranging talks on artificial intelligence, triggering criticism that the CCW was drowning itself in discussions about new technologies instead of zeroing in on the urgent issue.

"There is a risk in going too broad at this moment," said Mary Wareham of Human Rights Watch, who is the coordinator of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.

"The need is to focus on lethal autonomous weapons," she told AFP.

The open letter co-signed by Musk as well as Mustafa Suleyman, co-founder of Google's DeepMind, warned that killer robots could become "weapons that despots and terrorists use against innocent populations, and weapons hacked to behave in undesirable ways."

"Once this Pandora's box is opened, it will be hard to close," they said.

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голос америки

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UN to Host Talks on Use of 'Killer Robots'

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The United Nations is set to host talks on the use of autonomous weapons, but those hoping for a ban on the machines dubbed "killer robots" will be disappointed, the ambassador leading the discussions said Friday. More than 100 artificial intelligence entrepreneurs led by Tesla's Elon Musk in August urged the U.N.

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1.deficiency(n)
Definition:

the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable.
Original Sentence:

While it is true that serious deficiencies in vitamins A, C, and E and other antioxidants can lead to serious health problems, consuming this or other products that make this common claim won't help ward off colds, the flu, or other maladies.

My sentence:
it's a mark of deficiency of confidence to express yourself to the public.

2.shenanigans(n):
definition:

the use of tricks to deceive someone (usually to extract money from them)

Original sentence:

Today the group is sending the Food and Drug Administration a 158-page report  that documents some of the most egregious examples of false claims, ingredient obfuscations, and other labeling shenanigans.

My sentence:
your shenanigans do not work for me.

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1.preliminary
Definition:something that is said or done first, introduce or prepare for something else.
Original Sentence:
Only 15 babies with spinal muscular atrophy received the experimental gene therapy, but researchers in Ohio credited the preliminary and promising results to replacing the infants' defective gene early.
My sentence:
Pilot studies are a useful preliminary to large research projects.

2.intravenous
Definition:through or into a vein
Original sentence:Then 15 babies got a one-time intravenous injection.
My sentence:For these reasons, intravenous potassium administration requires caution.

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1 Scientists inject a safe virus that is loaded with a healthy version of the gene to the young patients.
2 The gene that produces protein that important for motor neurons has dysfunctions .
3 More these type of proteins are produced,

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1.Scientists loaded a healthy version of the gene into a virus modified so it couldn't cause illness.

2.Spinal muscular atrophy is caused when a mutated gene can't produce a protein crucial for survival of motor neurons, nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscles.

3. The virus carried the healthy gene into motor neurons, where it got to work producing the protein those nerve cells require to live.

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1.wane (v):
Definition:
decrease in phase
Other word forms:
wane (n); waning (adj)
Original Sentence:
Nor is it clear whether the replacement gene's effects would wane over time.
My Sentence:
The interest in the new product waned after the self-burning incident.
2.ventilation (n):
Definition:
the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air
Other word forms:
ventilated (adj); ventilate (v)
Original Sentence:
One study found just 8 percent of the most severely affected survived to age 20 months without needing permanent mechanical ventilation to breathe.
My Sentence:
Good ventilation is indispensable to grow this kinds of mushrooms.

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stagnate:
1.V
(1)stand still
(2)cause to stagnate
(3)cease to flow
(4)be idle
downhill
1.N
(1)the downward slope of a hill
(2)a ski race down a trail
2.adj.
(1)sloping down rather steeply
3.adv
(1)toward the bottom of a hill
(2)toward a lower or inferior state

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Summary:
Based on the gene therapy, babies with fatal muscle disease seek out their hope to get out of the torment of disease.

Questions:
1.What did researchers do in the preliminary process of the gene therapy?
2.What caused  spinal muscular atrophy?
3.How does gene therapy work?

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Baby Gene Therapy Study Offers Hope for Fatal Muscle Disease 

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Baby Gene Therapy Study Offers Hope for Fatal Muscle Disease 

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A first attempt at gene therapy for a disease that leaves babies unable to move, swallow and, eventually, breathe has extended the tots' lives, and some began to roll over, sit and stand on their own, researchers reported Wednesday.

Only 15 babies with spinal muscular atrophy received the experimental gene therapy, but researchers in Ohio credited the preliminary and promising results to replacing the infants' defective gene early - in the first few months of life, before the neuromuscular disease destroyed too many key nerve cells.

"They all should have died by now, said Dr. Jerry Mendell of Nationwide Children's Hospital, who led the work published by The New England Journal of Medicine. Yet, "those babies are still improving."

Mendell cautioned that much more study is needed to prove the gene therapy works and is safe. Nor is it clear whether the replacement gene's effects would wane over time.

Spinal muscular atrophy occurs in about 1 in 10,000 births, and those with the most severe form, called SMA Type 1, rarely reach their second birthday. They can be born looking healthy but rapidly decline. One study found just 8 percent of the most severely affected survived to age 20 months without needing permanent mechanical ventilation to breathe.

There is no cure. The first treatment wasn't approved until last December _ a drug named Spinraza that requires spinal injections every few months.

The experimental gene therapy approach aims for a one-time fix.
What goes wrong
Spinal muscular atrophy is caused when a mutated gene can't produce a protein crucial for survival of motor neurons, nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscles.

Some children carry extra copies of a backup gene that produces small amounts of the vital protein, and thus have much milder forms of the disease.
Gene replacement
Scientists loaded a healthy version of the gene into a virus modified so it couldn't cause illness. Then 15 babies got a one-time intravenous injection. The virus carried the healthy gene into motor neurons, where it got to work producing the protein those nerve cells require to live.

Three babies received a low dose of the gene therapy, as a first-step safety precaution. The remaining 12 got a high dose.
Results
All of the children are alive, Mendell said, about two years and counting after treatment. All beat the odds of needing permanent machine help to breathe by age 20 months.

But only the high-dose recipients saw better motor control, reaching some developmental milestones usually unthinkable for these patients. Eleven could sit unassisted at least briefly; nine could roll over. Eleven are speaking and able to swallow. Two were able to crawl, stand and then walk, Mendell's team reported.

Those results are "very striking,'' said Dr. Basil Darras, who directs Boston Children's Hospital's neuromuscular center and wasn't involved in the new research.

While the treatment needs testing on far more babies, usually "there are no further developmental gains'' after diagnosis, Darras explained. "They stagnate for a while and they go downhill very fast and die.''

The only serious side effect attributed to the gene therapy so far involved possible signs of a liver problem that eased with treatment.
Next steps
AveXis Inc., which is developing the gene therapy and helped fund Wednesday's study, has opened a second small trial at seven hospitals.

Meanwhile, doctors are prescribing SMA patients the new medication Spinraza, which works by increasing that backup gene's protein production and, according to a separate New England Journal study, had some benefit in about half of patients. The first year of treatment costs about $750,000, an accompanying editorial noted.

With the drug's availability, some health groups are urging that SMA be added to the list of diseases that all newborns are screened for, so parents can seek early treatment.

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Baby Gene Therapy Study Offers Hope for Fatal Muscle Disease

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A first attempt at gene therapy for a disease that leaves babies unable to move, swallow and, eventually, breathe has extended the tots' lives, and some began to roll over, sit and stand on their own, researchers reported Wednesday.

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For the vocabulary posts, make sure that you have the original sentence from the text, and they your own sentence. Mark both clearly so that I can identify them. Also, the questions were not really good for discussion. Make them more open-ended as opposed to quizzing content knowledge.

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1.It allows researchers to see biological molecules frozen in action.
2. Cryo-electron microscopy works by freezing the molecules and image them.
3. It can image proteins and other molecules after freezing them rapidly to preserve their shape.

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1. Trailblazer(n)
Definition:
someone who is the first to discover or develop new methods of doing something.

Other forms:
trailblazing(a)

sentence:
His radical management methods gave him the reputation of a trailblazer among American executives.

2. Frame
Definition:
1,a structure made of wood, metal,  etc that surround something such as a picture or window, and holds it in place.
2, to surround something with something else so that it looks attractive or can be seen clearly

Sentence:
They removed the picture from its wooden frame.

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1.  cryo-electron is a method for imaging frozen-hydrated specimens at cryogenic temperatures.

2.freezing molecules

3。 it can hold the completeness of molecules so that people could better observe them.

XIAN SHI (Daniel)

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1. accordance
(1)n. concurrence of opinion
(2)n. the acting of granting rights

2.laureate
(1)n. someone honored for greatest achievements; figuratively someone crowed with a laurel wreath.
(2)adj. worthy of the greatest honor or distinction.

Xian Shi (Daniel)

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Vocabulary:

1. Immense (adj)

Definition:

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

Other word forms:

Immensity (n); immensely (adj)
Sentence in content:
Frank said cryo-electron microscopy had "immense" potential for medical research, which is increasingly focused on processes inside cells, but it would take time for this to play out - and he was taken aback by news of the award.

My sentence:

In winter, there is an immense crowd of birds migrating.

Synonym: huge, vast, large

1. Epidemic (adj)

Definition:

(especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously

Other word forms:

Epidemic (n)
Sentence in content:
It was also put to work last year in the fight against Zika, when the mosquito-borne virus was linked to an epidemic of brain-damaged babies in Brazil.

My sentence:

An epidemic outbreak of influenza happened in the winter.

Antonyms: enzootic

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Response:

I feel pretty thrilled and excited about this new invention because not only it can help scientist understand actually the process of chemical reactions, but it also could benefit the medical field that trying to invent new drugs. In addition, maybe after ten years, the materials in our chemistry text book would be renewed to be more understandable and evident.

Questions:

1. How is cryo-electron microscopy different from previous electron microscopes?

2. How does cryo-electron microscopy works?

3. What have cryo-electron microscopy achieved in helping us?

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Summary:

By developing cryo-electron microscopy, scientists from Swiss, American and British won the 2017 Nobel chemistry prize on Wednesday , making it possible for researchers to observe biological molecules frozen in action.

Important noun:

Cryo-electron microscopy:

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), or electron cryomicroscopy, is a form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid-nitrogen temperatures). The utility of cryoelectron microscopy stems from the fact that it allows the observation of specimens that have not been stained or fixed in any way, showing them in their native environment.

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Microscope trailblazers win chemistry Nobel for 'freeze framing' life

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Microscope trailblazers win chemistry Nobel for 'freeze framing' life

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STOCKHOLM/LONDON (Reuters) - A trio of Swiss, American and British scientists won the 2017 Nobel chemistry prize on Wednesday for developing cryo-electron microscopy, allowing researchers to see biological molecules frozen in action.

The work by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson makes it possible to image proteins and other molecules after freezing them rapidly to preserve their shape, providing a powerful new tool for medical research.

"It's like frames in a movie. Each of these pictures represents a frame and they can be put together into a movie and we can see what the molecules do," said Peter Brzezinski, a member of the Nobel committee for chemistry.

The new approach fills a previously blank space by generating images of everything from the surface of the Zika virus to proteins that cause antibiotic resistance or are involved in Alzheimer's.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awarded the 9 million Swedish crown ($1.1 million) prize, said the technology had moved biochemistry into a new era.

By freezing biomolecules mid-movement, scientists can unravel previously unseen processes - a major advance both for basic understanding and the potential development of new drugs.

Scottish-born scientist Henderson used an electron microscope to generate a three-dimensional image of a protein at an atomic resolution, showing the potential of the technology.

Until then, electron microscopes were only seen as suitable for imaging dead matter, because the powerful electron beam destroyed the biological material.

His breakthrough was further developed by German-born scientist Frank, a U.S. citizen, while Dubochet of Switzerland used rapidly frozen water to preserve the natural shape of the biomolecules.

Frank said cryo-electron microscopy had "immense" potential for medical research, which is increasingly focused on processes inside cells, but it would take time for this to play out - and he was taken aback by news of the award.

"I was overwhelmed. I thought the chances of winning a Nobel prize were miniscule," he told a news briefing by telephone.

MAPPING DISEASE

Henderson was equally taken aback and said he had rejected the first phone call from the Swedish academy on Wednesday before picking up second time.

"The three of us who have been awarded the prize are sort of acting on behalf of the whole field," he told a news conference in Cambridge, England.

Understanding the structure of proteins and working out how they interact in the body should spark fresh approaches to drug development, just as earlier advances had produced today's multibillion-dollar biotech drugs, he added.

"In a few years, maybe five years, we might know most of the structures ... it's quite an exciting time," Henderson said.

Indeed, cryo-electron microscopy is already delivering results, such as the recent discovery of the structure of tau protein filaments in Alzheimer's disease.

It was also put to work last year in the fight against Zika, when the mosquito-borne virus was linked to an epidemic of brain-damaged babies in Brazil.

As alarm about the outbreak spread, scientists were able to generate three-dimensional images of Zika at the atomic level, jump-starting the search for potential drugs and vaccines.

"The use of these methods has completely revolutionized structural biology so everyone now wants to buy this type of equipment and start this type of research, all over the world," Johan Aqvist, another Nobel committee member, told Reuters.

U.S.-based Thermo Fisher Scientific is a leading supplier of cryo-electron microscopy instruments.

Chemistry is the third of this year's Nobel Prizes after the winners of the medicine and physics prizes were announced earlier this week.

The prizes are named after Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, and have been awarded since 1901 for achievements in science, literature and peace, in accordance with his will.

While the chemistry award has sometimes been overshadowed by the towering reputations of physics winners such as Albert Einstein, laureates include ground-breaking scientists such as radioactivity pioneers Ernest Rutherford and Marie Curie, though she also won the physics prize.

The award passed over one of the highest-profile fields of research, the so-called CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology that earlier this year allowed U.S. scientists to alter genes in a human embryo to correct a disease-causing mutation.

(For a graphic on Nobel Prize winners, click tmsnrt.rs/2hMJ6aQ)

Additional reporting by Niklas Pollard, Anna Ringstrom, Johan Ahlander, Helena Soderpalm and Johannes Hellstrom; editing by Justyna Pawlak/Jeremy Gaunt

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biotechnology and medical research (trbc)

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pharmaceuticals and medical research (trbc)

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Microscope trailblazers win chemistry Nobel for 'freeze framing' life

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STOCKHOLM/LONDON (Reuters) - A trio of Swiss, American and British scientists won the 2017 Nobel chemistry prize on Wednesday for developing cryo-electron microscopy, allowing researchers to see biological molecules frozen in action. The work by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson makes it possible to image proteins and other molecules after freezing them rapidly to preserve their shape, providing a powerful new tool for medical research.

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1. US cooperates with Pakistan to help rescue the hostages.
2. The family got kidnapped in Afghanistan.
3. Taliban

Xian Shi(Daniel)

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1. joint:
(1) n: a, the point of connection between two bones
b, objects are joined together
(2)v: fit as if by joints.
(3)adj.: united or combined
affecting or involving two or more

2.  insurgent
(1)n: a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against constituted authority.
(2)adj.: in opposition to a civil authority or government.
Xian Shi(Daniel)

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1. Militant(n)
Definition:
a militant organization or person is willing to use strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social change.
2.hostage(n)
Definition:
someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands.

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1. Conduce (v):
Definition:
to lead or tend to a particular and often desirable result.
Other word forms:
conducer (n); conducible (adj)
Sentence:
The company successfully conduced the plan to air their new product in October.
Synonym: advance
Antonym: hinder
2.Deploy (v):
Definition:
a. to extend (a military unit) especially in width.
b. to place in battle formation or appropriate positions.
Other word forms:
deployment (n); deployable (adj)
Sentence:
The general quickly deployed the army into a arrow form to attack the enemies.
Synonym: expand; arrange
Antonym: disorder; disarrange
Andrea

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Pakistan Rescues Western Couple, 3 Children Held by Militants

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Pakistan Rescues Western Couple, 3 Children Held by Militants

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Answers to the three questions:
1. US provide intel about the transportation of the hostages to Pakistani army, helping them to rescue the hostages.
2.The family was kidnapped in Afghanistan in 2012.
3. The terrorist that committed this crime is the Afghan Taliban.
Andrea

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1 What does  US do to help the rescue process?
2  Where did the family get kidnapped?
3 What's the terrorism committed this crime?

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Based on "actionable intelligence from US,"  Pakistan military recently rescued a US-Canadian family with 3 children, which improves the bilateral relationships between two countries.

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Pakistan Rescues Western Couple, 3 Children Held by Militants

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Pakistan Rescues Western Couple, 3 Children Held by Militants

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ISLAMABAD —

Pakistan's military has rescued a U.S.-Canadian family from a tribal region bordering Afghanistan, nearly five years after they were abducted by militants.

U.S. national Caitlan Coleman and her Canadian husband Joshua Boyle went missing in Afghanistan in 2012 and the Afghan Taliban later claimed responsibility for kidnapping them. The group, which released two videos of the hostages while they were in captivity, had been demanding the release of their prisoners in exchange for Boyle and his wife. She gave birth to the couple's three children while in captivity.

A Pakistani military statement said that based on "actionable intelligence from U.S.," the rescue operation was successfully conduced in the Kurram tribal region near the Afghan border on Wednesday.

President Donald Trump praised the release of the family from "captivity from the Haqqani network – a terrorist organization with ties to the Taliban." He also called the develoment a "positive moment" in U.S.-Pakistan relations.

"The Pakistani government's cooperation is a sign that it is honoring America's wishes for it to do more to provide security in the region," he said in a statement. "We hope to see this type of cooperation and teamwork in helping secure the release of remaining hostages and in our future joint counterterrorism operations." He later told reporters that he believes Pakistan "is started to respect the United States again."

The Haqqani network, whose leader is also deputy chief of the Afghan Taliban, is considered a terrorist group by the U.S.

Pakistani army spokesman Major-General Asif Ghafoor provided VOA with details of the operation to rescue the captives. “We swiftly deployed our troops soon after U.S. officials informed us at around 4 p.m. (local time) Wednesday the Taliban were transporting the hostages in a vehicle to the Pakistani side of the border. We traced the vehicle and safely recovered the hostages,” Ghafoor said, adding that U.S.-Pakistani cooperation was key to the mission.

A U.S. defense official said the hostages are not in U.S. custody at this time. "A U.S. plane was available for them and they chose not to depart on it," he told VOA.

Coleman, 31, and Boyle, 33, in their last video message released in December 2016, urged then-President-elect Donald Trump to negotiate with the Taliban to secure their release in return for Taliban prisoners.

Word of the couple's release came as Lisa Curtis, National Security Council Senior Director for South and Central Asia, visited Islamabad as the head of a high-level U.S. delegation and held talks with Pakistani officials at the Foreign Ministry.

An official statement issued at the end of the visit Thursday said the two sides reviewed the state of their bilateral relationship in the wake of the new U.S. strategy on Afghanistan and South Asia and agreed to continue discussions on all matters of mutual interest.

Meanwhile, an American, Kevin King, 60, and Australian Timothy Weeks, 48, are being held hostage in Afghanistan. The two teachers, with the American University of Afghanistan in Kabul, were kidnapped at gunpoint near the campus in August 2016.

In a video the Taliban released in June, the hostages begged President Trump to negotiate their freedom with the Islamist insurgent group.