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The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings/distance.

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The corners in our rectangularly carpentered world teach us to interpret "outward" or inward" pointing arrowheads at the ends of a line as a cue to the line's distance from us and so to its length. The red line defined by the corner at the ticket booth looks shorter than the red line defined by the room corner. But if you measure them, you will see that both are the same length.

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The monocular cues for distance [such as linear perspective and relative height] make the pursuing monster look larger than the pursued. It is not. This visual trick is based on the same principle as the fleeing monsters. The two red bars cast identical-sized images on our retinas. But experience tells us that a more distant object can create the same-sized image as a nearer one only if it is actually larger. As a result, we perceive the bar that seems farther away as larger.

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We perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinal images of them change - a door casts and increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular.

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eye’s converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance — the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

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Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.

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A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

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The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

Two-dimensional images fall on our retina, yet we somehow organize three-dimensional perceptions.

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The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

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[Relative Size]: Two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away.
[Interposition]: If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.
[Relative Clarity]: Light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects.
[Texture Gradient]: A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. [Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed.
[Relative Height]: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision farther away.
[Relative Motion/Motion Parallax]: As we move, objects are actually more stable may appear to move. Objects beyond the fixation point appear to move with you, and the farther away those objects are, the faster they will move.
[Linear Perspective]: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance.
[Light and Shadow]: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes.

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- An organized “whole”

Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

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The tendency for vision to dominate other senses.

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Grouping: The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

[Proximity]: Group nearby figures together.

[Similarity]: Group together figures that are similar to each other. (We see triangles and circles as vertical columns of similar shapes, not dissimilar shapes.)

[Continuity]: We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.

[Connectedness]: They are uniformed and linked, we perceive the two dots and the line between them as a single unit.

[Closure]: Fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.