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1. Provides frequent opportunities to make students thinking and learning visible as a guide for both the teacher and the student in learning and instruction
2. Teachers need to use both formative and summative assessments

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* Centered around students
* Paying attention to their abilities, background, and cultural values
* Make lessons difficult enough to challenge students but not too difficult where they get discouraged
* Teachers should pay close attention to starting points & progress

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It encourages a "culture of questioning."

-Teachers must help make connections from the outside world

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Focuses on the student at the starting point.
The teacher needs to emphasize and connect background knowledge.

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* Centered around knowledge
* Emphasizes how things relate to each other
* Teachers should focus on the reasoning behind lessons
* Students need support to help develop mastery of the subject

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1. Community centered approach requires the development of norms for the classroom and school as well as connections to the outside world that support core learning values
2. Teachers view and encourage mistakes as helpful contributions in the search for understanding

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* Using Assessment that supports learning by providing students with opportunities to revise and improve their thinking.
*Teachers need to assess understanding and its progress over time.

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"Instruction must begin with close attention to students’ ideas, knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which provide the foundation on which new learning builds"

-Teachers must pay attention to students' backgrounds, cultures and  abilities.

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* Provides students the opportunity to revise & improve their thinking
* Formative assessments
* Permit teacher to grasp students' prior knowledge
* Students can self-assess
* Teachers can gather data to determine future lessons/assessments

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*Mistakes should be viewed not as revelations of inadequacy.
*Teachers need to model the monitoring process.

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1. Encourages attention to preconceptions and begins instruction with what students think and know
2.  Teachers pay attention to students backgrounds and cultural values as well as to their abilities

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While the student is important, it mainly focuses on what is taught and why.

-Teachers must emphasize "connected" knowledge which is the information connected to the big idea.

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1. Strong emphasis on curriculum base and subject matter
2.  Creating a knowledge centered classroom often requires that a teacher go beyond the textbook to help students see a structure to the knowledge mainly by introducing them to essential concepts and connections

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* Connects to the outside world
* Teacher: mistakes should be viewed as contributions, not as students being wrong
* Encourage questions
*

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*Instruction must begin with close attention to students' ideas, knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
*Teachers need to pay close attention to students starting points and to their progress on learning tasks.

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"Assessment that supports learning by providing students with opportunities to
revise and improve their thinking"

-Teachers must help students develop meta-cognitive skills.