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Reading tips for the exam

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Great resource to practice and study vocabulary

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Key

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and another one...

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Matching Paragraph Headings:

Reading Lesson 1

Objective: to practice matching paragraph headings to paragraphs.

A common type of IELTS Reading question will ask you to select headings of paragraphs and match them to the paragraphs from a text.

On this page there is a full reading text and some practice questions.

At the end of the page, there is a discussion of the answers and how you should have identified the correct match.

Strategies to answer the questions

1. Quickly read through the paragraph headings so you can see what they say.

2. Then look at the first paragraph.

3. Often only the topic sentence needs to be read carefully because the main idea and answer are there - you may be able to just skim the rest.

4. Sometimes, however, the answer is not in the topic sentence and the whole paragraph needs to be read more carefully.

5. If a match is not immediately obvious, move on to the next one.

6. If you are unsure between two answers at first, put them both in. You may be able to eliminate one answer later if it fits another paragraph better.

7. If at the end you are still stuck between two answers for a question, pick which fits best.

Things to beware of

1. There are always more choices of paragraph headings on the list than paragraphs, so be careful when matching them.

2. Watch out for synonyms - often words in the paragraphs and paragraph headings will not be the same; they will be synonyms.

3. Having a noun from a heading that is in the paragraph does not guarantee they match - you still need to read it carefully to check.

One Paragraph Practice Exercise

Before you do a full reading, we'll have a practice with one paragraph.

This is the first paragraph from the full reading you will do. There are only five choices of paragraph headings for this first one (less than on the full reading).

Follow the procedure shown above, and click on what you think is the correct answer. The topic sentence is in red to remind you to focus on that.

Yoruba Towns

A. The Yoruba people of Nigeria classify their towns in two ways. Permanent towns with their own governments are called "ilu", whereas temporary settlements, set up to support work in the country are "aba". Although ilu tend to be larger than aba, the distinction is not one of size, some aba are large, while declining ilu can be small, but of purpose. There is no "typical" Yoruba town, but some features are common to most towns.

Now you know some strategies and have practiced with one paragraph, you can now practice matching paragraph headings with a full text.

Matching Paragraph Headings - Practice

Read and focus on the topic sentences in the text below and then match the paragraph headings to their paragraphs.

One has been done for you.

*****

Questions 1-6

The reading passage has seven paragraphs: A - G.

Choose the most suitable paragraph headings B - G from the list of headings on the right.
Write the appropriate numbers (i -ix) in the text boxes below the headings. NB There are more paragraph headings than paragraphs so you will not use them all.
Yoruba Town

A. The Yoruba people of Nigeria classify their towns in two ways. Permanent towns with their own governments are called "ilu", whereas temporary settlements, set up to support work in the country are "aba". Although ilu tend to be larger than aba, the distinction is not one of size, some aba are large, while declining ilu can be small, but of purpose. There is no "typical" Yoruba town, but some features are common to most towns.

B. In the 19th century most towns were heavily fortified and the foundations of these walls are sometimes visible. Collecting tolls to enter and exit through the walls was a major source of revenue for the old town rulers, as were market fees. The markets were generally located centrally and in small towns, while in large towns there were permanent stands made of corrugated iron or concrete. The market was usually next to the local ruler's palace.

C. The palaces were often very large. In the 1930's, the area of Oyo's palace covered 17 acres, and consisted of a series of courtyards surrounded by private and public rooms. After colonisation, many of the palaces were completely or partially demolished. Often the rulers built two storey houses for themselves using some of the palace grounds for government buildings.

D. The town is divided into different sections. In some towns these are regular, extending out from the center of the town like spokes on a wheel, while in others, where space is limited, they are more random. The different areas are further divided into compounds called "ile". These vary in size considerably from single dwellings to up to thirty houses. They tend to be larger in the North. Large areas are devoted to government administrative buildings. Newer developments such as industrial or commercial areas or apartment housing for civil servants tends to be build on the edge of the town.

E. Houses are rectangular and either have a courtyard in the center or the rooms come off a central corridor. Most social life occurs in the courtyard. They are usually built of hardened mud and have roofs of corrugated iron or, in the countryside, thatch. Buildings of this material are easy to alter, either by knocking down rooms or adding new ones. And can be improved by coating the walls with cement. Richer people often build their houses of concrete blocks and, if they can afford to, build two storey houses. Within compounds there can be quite a mixture of building types. Younger well-educated people may have well furnished houses while their older relatives live in mud walled buildings and sleep on mats on the floor.

F. The builder or the most senior man gets a room either near the entrance or, in a two storied house, next to the balcony. He usually has more than one room. Junior men get a room each and there are separate rooms for teenage boys and girls to sleep in. Younger children sleep with their mothers. Any empty room are used as storage, let out or, if they face the street, used as shops.

G. Amenities vary. In some towns most of the population uses communal water taps and only the rich have piped water, in others piped water is more normal. Some areas have toilets, but bucket toilets are common with waste being collected by a "night soil man". Access to water and electricity are key political issues.

List of Paragraph Headings

ii. Colonisation

iii. Urban divisions

iv. Architectural home styles

v. Types of settlements

vi. Historical foundations

vii. Domestic arrangements

viii. City defenses

ix. The residences of the rulers

x. Government buildings

Match the heading with the paragraph

Paragraph Headings Answer Discussion
Paragraph B (vi) - Historical foundations
B. In the 19th century most towns were heavily fortified and the foundations of these walls are sometimes visible. Collecting tolls to enter and exit through the walls was a major source of revenue for the old town rulers, as were market fees. The markets were generally located centrally and in small towns, while in large towns there were permanent stands made of corrugated iron or concrete. The market was usually next to the local ruler's palace.
In this first question, the word 'foundation' is in the topic sentence. This does not automatically make 'vi' the correct answer. However, it is a good reason to flag this up as a possibility. The heading also refers to 'history', so the reference to '19th century' in the topic sentence tells us the paragraph is about the history. A quick skim of the paragraph confirms this. Paragraph C (ix) - The residences of the rulers
C. The palaces were often very large. In the 1930's, the area of Oyo's palace covered 17 acres, and consisted of a series of courtyards surrounded by private and public rooms. After colonization, many of the palaces were completely or partially demolished. Often the rulers built two storey houses for themselves using some of the palace grounds for government buildings.
The topic setence mentions the palaces, which is where the rulers of Yaruba would likely live, and the heading mentioned the homes (residences) of the rulers, so it is likely to be ix. Reading the rest of the paragraph confirms that the whole paragraph talks generally about the palaces in Yoruna. Don't be tricked by the 'colonisation' heading. This only refers to one sentence in the paragraph, not the whole paragraph. It is therefore a supporting point rather than the main idea. Paragraph D
(iii) - Urban divisions

D. The town is divided into different sections. In some towns these are regular, extending out from the center of the town like spokes on a wheel, while in others, where space is limited, they are more random. The different areas are further divided into compounds called "ile". These vary in size considerably from single dwellings to up to thirty houses. They tend to be larger in the North. Large areas are devoted to government administrative buildings. Newer developments such as industrial or commercial areas or apartment housing for civil servants tends to be build on the edge of the town.
The answer is first seen in the topic sentence. The word 'divided' should have flagged this up to you as a possibility. Notice the use of the synonym 'urban' to replace 'town'. It is common to see synonyms in paragraph headings questions and other IELTS reading questions. Paragraph E (iv) - Architectural home styles
E. Houses are rectangular and either have a courtyard in the center or the rooms come off a central corridor. Most social life occurs in the courtyard. They are usually built of hardened mud and have roofs of corrugated iron or, in the countryside, thatch. Buildings of this material are easy to alter, either by knocking down rooms or adding new ones. And can be improved by coating the walls with cement. Richer people often build their houses of concrete blocks and, if they can afford to, build two storey houses. Within compounds there can be quite a mixture of building types. Younger well-educated people may have well furnished houses while their older relatives live in mud walled buildings and sleep on mats on the floor.
The topic sentence starts to give you a clue that 'iv' is the correct choice of the paragraph headings as it discusses houses and their styles. This is then discussed further in the supporting sentences that follow. Paragraph F (vii) - Domestic arrangements
F. The builder or the most senior man gets a room either near the entrance or, in a two storied house, next to the balcony. He usually has more than one room. Junior men get a room each and there are separate rooms for teenage boys and girls to sleep in. Younger children sleep with their mothers. Any empty room are used as storage, let out or, if they face the street, used as shops.
In this context, 'domestic' means of or relating to the home, so the heading is referring to the arrangements within the home. Again, just by reading the topic sentence you can see that this paragraph is discussing home arrangements and skimming through the rest of the paragraph confirms this. Paragraph G (i) - Town facilities
G. Amenities vary. In some towns most of the population uses communal water taps and only the rich have piped water, in others piped water is more normal. Some areas have toilets, but bucket toilets are common with waste being collected by a "night soil man". Access to water and electricity are key political issues.

'Facilities' is a synonym of 'amenities' so this is the first clue that this could fit this paragraph, but you need to read on to confirm that the paragraph is discussing the facilities of the town, which it is.

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Objective: to practice matching paragraph headings to paragraphs. A common type of IELTS Reading question will ask you to select headings of paragraphs and match them to the paragraphs from a text. On this page there is a full reading text and some practice questions.

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Reading comprehension: match the headings

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Reading comprehension: match the headings

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Article that helps you with a match the headings reading comprehension exercise

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This article will help you match headings more effectively in the IELTS reading test.

In the IELTS reading test you may be asked to match headings to sections of text. This type of question tests your ability to understand the main idea of each paragraph.

Headings are short sentences that summarise the information in a paragraph. You have to pick the one that best summarises the information in a paragraph.

You will be given between 5 and 7 headings and asked to match each paragraph in the reading text to one heading. There are always more headings than paragraphs.

In this post we will look at:
Common Problems
Below is a list of common problems my students tend to have. Have you experienced any of these problems?

Later in the post we will look at tips to overcome these problems and a strategy for answering this kind of reading question.

1. There is too much information to get through and not enough time.

2. Trying to match a word or words from the headings to a word in the text.

3. Some of the headings may appear to have the same meaning.

4. Some students only read the first sentence of each paragraph and do not understand the main idea of the paragraph.

5. Spending too much time on one paragraph or heading.

6. Answers are not in the same order as the text.

Tips and Solutions

1. Do this question first. By doing this you will be able to get the general meaning of the text as a whole and this will help you with the rest of the question that requires you to take a more detailed look at the text.

2. You are not expected to read every word of the text. This will take too long and you don't have time for this. In this kind of question you are only expected to understand the main idea of each paragraph. A good way to do this is to read the first one or two sentences and the last sentence of the paragraphs. You can also briefly look at the rest of the paragraph but you don't have to read every word.

3. If there are words you don't understand, don't worry about this. Again, you should only worry about the general meaning of the paragraph as a whole, not individual words. Even native speakers will fail to understand every word in the IELTS reading test.

4. Be aware of synonyms. Many students look for words that match exactly with words in the text and ignore synonyms. For example, a keyword in the heading might be 'Beautiful', however the word you're looking for could be many different synonyms of 'beautiful' like 'attractive', 'pretty', 'lovely' or 'stunning'.

5. If there are two or three headings that are similar, write them beside the paragraph and try to find out the difference between the two headings. What are the keywords? How does this change the meaning? Which one matches the paragraph best?

6. If you still can't decide which one suits best, move on and come back to it later. The answer will normally be easier to find after you have matched some more headings.

7. Ignore anything you already know about the topic. You are being tested on the text only.

8. Don't read too quickly. Some teachers advise that students should just 'skim' the text because you don't have much time. In my experience, this leads to students not understanding most of the text and making mistakes. It is better to do this a little slower and actually understand what is in front of you.

9. Don't panic if you know nothing about the general topic of the reading text. The IELTS reading test is not a knowledge test and you are not expected to have prior knowledge of the topic.

10. Don't look at the headings first. This will automatically make you look for specific words in the text rather than the main idea. Remember it is your ability to find the main idea that is being tested, not your ability to find specific information. Instead of reading the headings first, ignore them and get the general meaning of each paragraph first by reading the first and last sentences.

Strategy

1. If this type of question is on the test, do it first.

2. Don't look at the headings.

3. Read the first one or two sentences and the last sentence of each paragraph to understand the general meaning of the paragraph. Don't worry about highlighting keywords in the test. Try to sum up the general meaning of each paragraph in one or two words.

4. Look at the headings and identify keywords within each heading.

5. Match any headings that are very obvious and you are sure about.

6. For the others, write 2 or 3 headings beside the paragraph. Identify the difference between each of the headings. Establish if there are any synonyms in the paragraph to keywords in the headings.

7. If you still can't pick one, move one. The answer will often reveal itself later.

8. Repeat until finished.

Practice
Let look at an example question. Below are two paragraphs from an article called 'Trees in Trouble- What is causing the decline of the World's giant forests?'

Match the two paragraphs with one of the following three headings:

1. How wildlife benefits from big trees

2. Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights

3. How other plants can cause harm

Paragraph 1- Big trees are incredibly important ecologically. For a start, they sustain countless other species. They provide shelter for many animals, and their trunks and branches can become gardens, hung with green ferns, orchids and bromeliads, coated with mosses and draped with vines. With their tall canopies basking in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. This allows them to sustain much of the animal life in the forest.

Paragraph 2- Only a small number of tree species have the genetic capacity to grow really big. The mightiest are native to Norther America, but big trees grow all over the globe, from the tropics to the boreal forests of the high latitudes. To achieve giant stature, a tree needs three things: the right place to establish its seedling, good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult mortality. Disrupt any of these, and you can lose your biggest trees.

If you look at the above paragraphs you will see that they are full of difficult words like 'bromeliads', 'basking' and 'stature'. If you try to read and understand every word you will get nowhere.

Instead we just look at the first and the last sentences and with some highlighting of keywords and an awareness of synonyms it is apparent that the answers are:

Paragraph 1- How wildlife benefits from big trees

Paragraph 2- Factors that enable tree to grow to significant heights

I hope the tips and strategies in this post helps you. Try them with some past paper IELTS writing questions.

If you have any comments or questions, please feel free to comment below.

Click here to return to the homepage, or click one of the links below to check out more great IELTS stuff.
Writing Task 1 Writing Task 2 Vocabulary

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IELTS Reading Matching Headings - IELTS Advantage

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This article will help you match headings more effectively in the IELTS reading test. In the IELTS reading test you may be asked to match headings to sections of text. This type of question tests your ability to understand the main idea of each paragraph.

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Cloze text at the end

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Here is a web page where you can re-order paragraphs

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pte academic reading practise  exam practice english language elt efl grammar writing structure cambridge business exercises grammar conditionals prepositions verb forms

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Read a passage about Scottish banking and put the text in the right order.

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Practice reading with Cloze tests. The surprising things you can lear from Superbowl ads

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Practice reading with Cloze tests. The surprising things you can lear from Superbowl ads

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Fill in the Blanks B1 , B2 Cloze test - WRITE THE PERFECT CRI...

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Fill in the Blanks B1 , B2 Cloze test - WRITE THE PERFECT CRIME NOVEL. language. Bau Prep. Fill in the blanks with the correct word. .

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What will have you done before you kick the bucket? Check out this items in the UK´s bucket list

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Great British bucket list! Buying a holiday home, driving Route 66 and a trip to the Maldives top list of things to do before we die (but 60% will never get round to them)

2,000 Brits quizzed on things they want to do before they die

Floating in Dead Sea, riding in hot air balloon, and Pyramids all feature

Going up Eiffel tower, whale watching and climbing mountain on list

Buying a holiday home, a trip to the Maldives and swimming with dolphins are all top of the average British person's bucket list.

Driving Route 66 in America, a romantic trip to Venice and marvelling at the Egyptian Pyramids also featured in the top 40 things people would most like to do before they die.

Floating in the Dead Sea, riding in a hot air balloon, and taking in the view from the top of the Empire State Building also made it on to the checklist of must-do experiences.

The desire to learn a new language also scored highly, with almost a third of those surveyed eager to improve their linguistic skills.

The survey reveals that alongside more materialistic wishes a significant 60 per cent simply want to stay as healthy as possible.

The study of 2,000 people, commissioned by Engage Mutual, found the average person holds 16 key dreams they want to achieve in life.

However, 60 per cent concede that realistically they will never get close to achieving the majority of their aims with many not having ticked anything off their bucket list for at least six months.

The study also found swimming with dolphins is a dream for more than a quarter of us, taking in the sights of Paris from the Eiffel Tower is also among the top 40 bucket list dreams.

Self- improvement was another common theme among the bucket list items, with the desire to learn an instrument an ambition in common for 17 per cent, while volunteering for a good cause is important for 14 per cent.

Spokesman Engage Mutual said: 'The results reveal a colourful array of aims and ambitions that many of us hope to fulfil during our lives.

'Many seek to ensure things are in place for a comfortable retirement during which they can help children and grandchildren achieve their own aims.

'But many feel they won't be able to fulfil all of these dreams, blaming their financial positions for holding them back.'

When reflecting on their lives so far people were most likely to say the financial side of life was the area that hadn't gone as well as planned with 40 per cent wishing they were better with money.

Retirement is a key focus with half of respondents aiming to ensure theirs is as comfortable as possible, something which becomes even more of a priority the closer it gets.

A third of respondents cite the ability to leave their children with a property or good inheritance as their biggest goal with their remaining time.

Yet 48 per cent of those still working worry they have not set themselves up financially or saved enough.

Work-life balance also proves elusive - more than a third feel they have got the balance wrong.

Mutual added: 'Finding the balance between financial security to ensure your later years are comfortable, while making sure life is lived and experienced fully today is a challenge.

'But planning for the good times and the not so good times will always be a better option than burying our heads in the sand.'

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The Great British bucket list of 40 things to do before we die

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2,000 Brits quizzed on things they want to do before they die Floating in Dead Sea, riding in hot air balloon, and Pyramids all feature Going up Eiffel tower, whale watching and climbing mountain on list Buying a holiday home, a trip to the Maldives and swimming with dolphins are all top of the average British person's bucket list.

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A very interesting reading...

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To commemorate the 300th Anniversary of the original Longitude Prize (for the invention of a clock that could keep time at sea), a new prize has been launched to encourage inventors and scientists to find solutions to six key problems facing the world.

These themes are being put to a public vote to determine which of the six will become the winning prize challenge.

Dementia

More people are developing dementia with a great personal and financial cost to society. With no existing cure for dementia, the organisers of the prize say there is a need to find ways to support a person's dignity, physical and emotional wellbeing and extend their ability to live independently.

Alzheimer's Research UK says that 820,000 people in this country suffer from dementia and 25 million have a close friend or family member with the condition. The annual financial cost of dementia to the UK is estimated to be about £23bn.

"We might live well in our old age, if properly cared for and properly looked after," said BBC Horizon presenter Kevin Fong.

"So technology that allows us to live our lives as long and as fully as possible is all important."

If dementia wins the vote, the challenge will be to develop intelligent, yet affordable technologies that revolutionise care for sufferers, enabling them to live independent lives.

Dr Fong added that the number of people with dementia would grow to a million within the next decade.

"This is an essential challenge: it is something we face going into the future in quite horrendous proportions," he said.
Discover more about the dementia challenge What is dementia? Five priorities for dementia
Flight

The rapid growth of air travel needs to be managed to help tackle the threat of climate change. The organisers say the potential of zero-carbon flight has been demonstrated but it has had little impact on the carbon footprint of the aviation industry, which still relies on fossil fuels.

So far, green flights have been achieved with small aircraft running on solar or battery power, but these have either been over short distances or on flights carrying only a few people.

For example, in 2013, a plane flew across the US on solar power alone, but the 63m-wingspan aircraft built by Solar Impulse was designed to carry only a pilot.

Another innovative aircraft is the Pipistrel Taurus electrical aircraft, which won a Nasa green aviation prize in 2011. The aircraft had to fly 200 miles (322km) in less than two hours and use less than one gallon of fuel per occupant, or the equivalent in electricity.

If flight wins the vote, the challenge will be to design and build a zero-carbon aeroplane that is capable of flying from London to Edinburgh, at comparable speed to today's aircraft.
Discover more about the flight challenge Carbon fibre planes: Lighter, stronger greener Visions of future flying
Food

By 2050 there will be an estimated 9.1 billion people on the planet and there will be increased demand for resource-hungry foods such as meat and milk. Yet even now, many people do not get enough nutrients to live healthy lives.

BBC science presenter Dr Michael Mosley commented: "Worldwide, malnourishment is a huge issue.

"One of the biggest deficiencies is in protein. The other problem is that the way we produce protein is incredibly inefficient."

The meat-rich western diet that many aspire to enjoy incurs huge environmental costs. Increasing demand for meat may raise grain and land prices and commercial fishing practices can deplete stocks relied on by subsistence fishing communities.

If food wins the vote, the challenge will be to invent the next big food innovation, to help ensure a future where there is enough nutritious, affordable and environmentally sustainable food that people want to eat.

Dr Mosley said encouraging people to eat insects has been proposed as one solution. "They are incredibly rich in fibre and protein. They don't mind being farmed and there are very few ethical issues around farming insects. They are incredibly efficient," he explained.

A report in 2013 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said insects "underutilised" as food for people and livestock. But it said consumer disgust continues to be a barrier.
Discover more about the food challenge Can science help improve food security? Urgent action needed to avert global hunger
Paralysis

Paralysis can emerge from a number of different injuries, conditions and disorders and the effects can be devastating for those affected.

But in recent years, major advances have been made in wearable devices such as robotic exoskeletons, in brain-computer interfaces that can be used to control assistive technology, and in regenerative medicine. These areas have the potential to significantly boost the quality of life of those with paralysis.

At the launch of the Longitude Prize in London on 19 May, Sophie Morgan, who has a spinal cord injury, tested an exoskeleton called Rex. She said: "I've been psychologically affected by talking to people at eye level and there are health benefits. Already, I'm sleeping better, feeling better, my body is getting better and the pain is gone."

A leading scientist in the field, Miguel Nicolelis of Duke University is planning to demonstrate a mind-controlled exoskeleton at the opening ceremony of the World Cup this summer.

If paralysis wins the vote, the challenge will be to come up with a solution that gives paralysed people close to the same freedom of movement that most of us enjoy.
Discover more about the paralysis challenge Paralysed men move again with spinal stimulation Paralysed person 'to walk' at World Cup
Water

Some 98% of our planet's water is too salty for either drinking or agriculture. In addition, 44% of the world population and 28% of the world's agriculture are in areas where fresh water is scarce.

Dr Kevin Fong said: "It is something that's very much about health, but will also have massive economic and massive political impacts."

When drought his agricultural regions, for example, food prices rise.

As water demand grows and reserves shrink, many are turning to desalination - but current technologies are too expensive - requiring significant upfront investment - and inefficient.

In addition, desalination plants also produce contaminants, usually in the form of a concentrated brine.

If water wins the vote, the challenge will be to alleviate the growing pressure on Earth's fresh water by creating cheap, environmentally sustainable desalination technology.
Discover more about the water challenge World's water supplies in crisis Tech guarding our most precious resource
Antibiotics

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that antibiotics add an average of 20 years to all of our lives. But since the discovery of penicillin in the early 20th Century, overuse of these drugs has led bacteria to evolve resistance, leading to the emergence of untreatable superbugs that threaten the basis of modern medicine.

Broad spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed to patients because doctors have to act quickly on imperfect information.

There is also widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture, to treat infection in livestock.

These practices are contributing to the growing global threat from antibiotic resistance. The WHO has warned of a "post-antibiotic era", where key antibiotic drugs no longer work, and people die from simple infections that were previously treatable.

If antibiotics wins the vote, the challenge will be to create a cheap, accurate, rapid, and simple test for infection that will allow medical professionals to better target their treatments - administering the right antibiotics at the right time.

Horizon presenter Alice Roberts said: "One of the things we need to do is come up with new drugs. The other is to tackle over-prescription. Perhaps one idea is to very quickly and rapidly diagnose somebody to tell the difference between a bacterial infection and a viral infection. We're treating viral infections with antibiotics which are useless."
Discover more about the antibiotics challenge Q&A: Antibiotic resistance Analysis: A future without antibiotics

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To commemorate the 300th Anniversary of the original Longitude Prize (for the invention of a clock that could keep time at sea), a new prize has been launched to encourage inventors and scientists to find solutions to six key problems facing the world.

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Another good magazine that you could read. Here is the online version

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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I am suscribed to TIME magazine. This is a very good way to force yourself to read in English. Here is the online version that you can read for free

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Breaking news and analysis from TIME.com. Politics, world news, photos, video, tech reviews, health, science and entertainment news.

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This is my blog address where you can read lots of entries and find more resources to continue improving your English.
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