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G P S

The U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) originally put the GPS satellites into orbit for military use, but they were made available for civilian use in the 1980s.

GPS stands for Global Positioning System

GPS satellites circle the Earth twice a day in a precise orbit. Each satellite transmits a unique signal and orbital parameters that allow GPS devices to decode and compute the precise location of the satellite

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VFR navigation charts are for flying by visual flight rules. The Three VFR charts that
pilots use include:
• Sectional
• VFR terminal area
• World aeronautical.

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GPS satellites orbit at approximately 11,000 mi (17,700 km) above Earth, with orbit periods of approximately 10 hours.
navigation-

Satellite navigation using a laptop and a GPS receiver.

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The First Navigation Act (1651) resembled the legislation of 1645 but was more far-reaching. It stipulated that goods could only enter England, Ireland, or the colonies aboard English (or English colonial) ships.

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A map legend list of all
symbols and their meanings on a given map.

Pilots used these to do their research on the map.

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-Celestial Navigation is also known as  astronavigation
-a method of navigation that you use to find out your location or directions is using the stars at night
-It involves comparing angles

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In the pre-1700's era normal clocks could not function properly because of the ships violent rocking in the ocean.
Then, John Harrison, an English inventor, made a clock that was dependable for sailors to use at sea in the rough conditions.
the Chronometer was his invention as it keeps very accurate time in any situation in order to aid in navigation

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The magnetic compass is the only instrument in the aircraft by which the pilot determines the direction of flight.

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Thomas Gage- Non directional radio beacon 

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Thomas Gage- Non directional radio beacon 

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-All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification.
-When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System markers, it is called a Compass Locator.
-Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter "W" is included in the class designation.

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*GPS stand for Global Positioning System
*It is owned by the United States government
*GPS has three segments called the the space segment, the control segment, and the the user segment

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-  A line where magnetic variation is zero
-  A location east of the agonic line has a westerly variation
that requires you to add to your true course.
- A location west of this line has an
easterly variation that calls for you to subtract from your true course.

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The three main type of navigation charts are • Sectional
• VFR terminal area
• World aeronautical
They
have a scale of 1:500,000, where 1 inch equals
6.86 nautical miles or about eight statute miles.

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VFR terminal area charts are used when flying in or if flying near a class B or class C airspace.

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EMERGENCY RADIO FREQUENCY

*Such channels are known as distress
*Satellite processing from all 121.5 or 243 MHz locators has been discontinued
*U.S. Coast Guard only monitors distress signals from emergency position indicating radio beacons that broadcast using digital 406 MHzsignals.

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Rachel Russell World Aeronautical Charts

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Rachel Russell World Aeronautical Charts

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1:1,000,000 (1 inch equals 13.7 nautical miles or about 16 statute
miles).Because of this small scale, world aeronautical charts don’t show as much
detail as sectional or terminal area charts. But they are useful when fl ying long
distances.

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United States Department of Transportation

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Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the ancient and modern practice of position fixing that enables a navigator to transition through a space without having to rely on estimated calculations, or dead reckoning, to know their position.

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Magnetic compass does not point to a geographic pole, but to the magnetic pole.

During the World War II, compasses were smuggled to the prisoners of war in German camps in the form of buttons and razor blades to help prisoners escape.

Magnetic North Pole is actually magnetic south pole and vice versa.

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- Map keys consisted of Airports, Rivers, and Mountain Ranges. Which are
- Map keys also include a map scale. This tells how much certain distance on the map is equal to on the ground.
-  The legend is the SPOT where the research begins.

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1.airspace established outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities
2. A MOA is a type of special use airspace.
3. MOA's are often positioned over isolated, rural areas to provide ground separation for any noise nuisance or potential accident debris.

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* lines on the Earth's surface along which the declination has the same constant value
*circa 1859
*an imaginary line, or one drawn on a map, connecting all points of equal magnetic declination.

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Controlled airspace usually exists in the immediate vicinity of busier airports, where aircraft used in commercial air transport flights are climbing out from or making an approach to the airport, or at higher levels where air transport flights would tend to cruise

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1. The off limits area in airspace  where military training or missile firing occurs
2. This airspace goes by the names of prohibited, restricted, alert, warning, and military operation areas
3.  Some prohibited areas include over the White House and capital in Washington D.C. or some military bases

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Celestial Navigation
1.First used by the explorers in the 1400's and 1500's

2.A method of finding your way using the stars and planets.

3. This method was very accurate even though its very old

I found it interesting how people could use the stars to navigate their way through land and sea and still be accurate with where their going.

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1) The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the craft's airspeed, typically in knots
2) The airspeed indicator (ASI) is used by the pilot during all phases of flight, from take-off, climb, cruise, descent and landing in order to maintain airspeed
3) The airspeed indicator is also used in dead reckoning, where time, speed, and bearing are used for navigation in the absence of aids such as NDBs, VORs or GPS.

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Magnetic North Pole
The magnetic North Pole is a spot on Earth where the magnetic field points vertically downward.

The north tip of a compass points to the north pole.

It is not the coldest place on the earth.

There has been hot seasons in the north pole.

abc7.com/weather/fun-facts-about-the-north-pole/1642530/

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I find Contour Lines interesting, because nowadays when you think of 'contour', the thought is most associated with make-up. It's interesting how there are two types of 'contour lines', but they are two totally different things.

1. The closer the contour lines
are to one another, the steeper the rise or drop in elevation
2.  Maps specify elevations with
contour lines
3. Contour lines are lines on a map
drawn between points of the same elevation

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1. Airspace includes Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E.
2. The four types of airspace are divided into two categories: regulatory, and non regulatory. the four types are controlled, uncontrolled, special use, and other airspace.
3. Airspace divided into categories and types depends on The complexity or density of aircraft movements. The kinds of operations taking place within the airspace.The level of safety required.National and public interest.

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Activities, Courses, Seminars & Webinars - ALC_Content - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov

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- A flight log is records of a pilots flying hours
- A flight log includes flight time
- Number of checkpoints or landings made
- Types of instrument approaches made.

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Table layout with basic flight log data for F-15C pilots.

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1.Chronometers are used in scientific experiments, navigation, and astronomical observations. It was the invention of a chronometer capable of being used aboard ship, in 1762, that allowed navigators for the first time to accurately determine their longitude at sea.
2. John Harrison, a British clockmaker, invented this device in 1737.
3.chronometer is a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation.

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With its square case and stark dial inspired by aircraft cockpit instruments, the BR 01 is the signature wristwatch of Bell & Ross. But the Franco-Swiss watchmaker has long diversified away from pure aviation, with watches like the pirate's treasure BR 01 tourbillon. The Marine Instrument collection is yet another trio of BR 01 watches that rely on naval history for their design, an admittedly incongruous theme for an aviation instrument.

Characterised by Indian rosewood inlays and bronze cases (or rose gold for the top of the line model), the Marine Instrument timepieces are modelled on marine chronometers, the high precision naval clocks that had their heyday in the age of tall ships.

The entry-level model is the BR 01 Instrument de Marine, a time-only hand-wind with a 46mm bronze case ringed with rosewood on the four sides of the case and with a titanium back.

The dial is white lacquer with Roman numerals, a nod to the look of the typical marine chronometers. Visible from the case back, the BR-CAL.203 inside is actually a Unitas 6498 movement.

The BR 01 Instrument de Marine (ref. BR01-CM-203) is limited to 500 pieces and priced at SFr8300 or S$13,000.

The BR-X1 Skeleton Chronograph Instrument de Marine is a chronograph with a skeletonised movement, visible through the grey-tinted, translucent sapphire crystal dial. The case is 45mm in diameter, and made of bronze with the case back in titanium, as well as a rosewood bezel screwed onto the front.

Inside is the BR-CAL.313, an automatic ETA-based movement. Limited to 99 pieces, the BR-X1 Skeleton Chronograph Instrument de Marine will cost SFr24,100 or S$37,700.

The BR-X1 Tourbillon Chronograph Instrument de Marine is the top of the line model and limited to 20 pieces. It's a single-button chronograph with twin counters and a flying tourbillon.

Stylistically similar to the skeleton chronograph above, the 45mm case is 18k rose gold instead of bronze, though it is also clad with a rosewood bezel. The dial is also grey tinted sapphire, revealing the skeletonised base plate below.

The hand-wound movement inside was originally designed and produced by BNB Concept, a complications specialist that went bust and was acquired by Hublot in 2010. Now it is manufactured by MHC Manufacture Haute Complication, a firm founded by an alumnus of BNB Concept that produces many similar calibres.

The BR-X1 Tourbillon Chronograph Instrument de Marine is a 20-piece limited edition, priced at SFr166,000 or S$230,900.

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Bell & Ross Introduces Marine Chronometer-Inspired Aviator's Watches | SJX Watches

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With its square case and stark dial inspired by aircraft cockpit instruments, the BR 01 is the signature wristwatch of Bell & Ross. But the Franco-Swiss watchmaker has long diversified away from pure aviation, with watches like the pirate's treasure BR 01 tourbillon.

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1.an imaginary line or a line on a map joining points on the earth's surface at which the magnetic declination is the same
2.Helps planning your magnetic heading.
3.The lines change over time.